Cruel and Unusual Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cruel and Unusual Punishment - undertake ExampleDespite widespread outcry on the cruelty associated with the conclusion penalty, many countries around the globes stillness practice it and view it as a perfectly legal form of extreme penalisation. Whether to uphold or abolish the death penalty has been a controversial subject in many societies, in the world. This is because of the divers(prenominal) views that different people have based on phenomenon such as culture, political ideology and religion. The fall in Nations, for example, has in recent times adopted resolutions though non binding, advocating for the abolishment of executions giving emphasis on the sanctitude of life. The European Union also outlaws the practice of capital punishment in its area of jurisdiction through with(predicate) the second article of the European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights. This has proved to be ineffective since countries equivalent the Unites States, Indonesia, India and China, whi ch hold a large part of the global population, still practice capital punishment (Mandery 45). consort to Amnesty International, two nations each year have abolished capital punishment in their criminal rightness systems since 1976. Counties such as Germany, Australia and Spain strongly against the practice of capital punishment regardless of the crime committed. Capital punishment dates as far back as 8th Century B.C in Babylon, where twenty five different crimes were punishable by death. The Hittite code of the 14th Century B.C also embraced capital punishment. Most stupefying of them all was the draconian Athens code of the 7th Century B.C, which set out death as punishment for all crimes. In early civilizations, the death penalty got executed thorough drowning, firing squads, impalement, lynching, decapitation and crucifixion. In present day, capital punishment gets executed through the use of lethal injection, firing squads, lethal gas, hanging and electrocution (Radelet 46 ). The death penalty in the Unites States has been an issue of insurmountable concern for a pine time. The precedence of capital punishment in Americas came as a result of British influence on the then colony. Though capital punishment had been occurring, the first recorded execution took place in Virginia in 1608. The early 20th Century mark the resurgence in the execution of the death penalty. The 1930s marked the decade with the largest number of executions in the history of America. In the 1950s, the public began to voice their opposition to capital punishment. This light-emitting diode to a drop in the number of executions. In the 1960s, the legality of capital punishment got challenged. Before 1960, the eighth, one-fifth and fourteen amendments were interpreted as having endorsed the death penalty. It was later suggested that the death penalty was singular and cruel, and hence unconstitutional in accordance to the Eighth Amendment (Mandery 77). In 1985, the Supreme Court ruled that the 8th Amendment had an evolving standard of decency which marked progress of a society that was coming of age. This newly found decency no longer had room for the death penalty. As a result, the Supreme Court began refining the administration of the death penalty by ensuring that it was right with little or no pain inflicted. Whereas the 8th Amendment of the Constitution of the United States restrains the government from cruel and unusual punishments, the ambiguity of the term cruel and unusual has over the years fuelled the controversy about the constitutionality of capital p

Medical equipment lifecycle ( Medical Equipment & Technology Services Essay

Medical equipment lifecycle ( Medical Equipment & engine room Services Management) - Essay ExampleThe advantages which are connected with medical checkup examination engineering science are substantial. There exists a disturbing rise in the index of patient moratlity of which medical facility error has been a causative attribute. Medical Technology Equipment from the Users Perspective Academic articles and books have recommended that user participation by means of the wisdom of the ergonomic engineering inside of the medical component architecture and production process (MDDD) presents many advantages which still the production of less hazardous and more efficient medical technology components which cater to the users motivations in a more effective manner. There has not been a great deal of research which has been undefiled with regards to the user participation in this procedure, the efficacy of the participation of the medical equipment user in providing feedback (Money et al., 2011). Medical technology equipment usage at the provision phase was discovered to be the greatest due to the participation of the users. connection of the users at the planning stage is regarded to be of great importance. The most elevated user involvement during the planning phase was to formulate user directed projects which are applied to implementing new efficient product designs. The design outcomes are applied to the manufacture of medical components which have increased equipment user security and that may be effectively applied. Another purpose for the increased user participation at the planning stage is the need for formal planning procedures which should be initiated and concluded with the customer requisites as per regulation ISO 9001. Nonetheless, each phase of the medical component life cycle is integral and required (Shah, 2006, p. 506). In considering a holistic emplacement to the comprehension of the interactions between individuals and transcription components, it becomes feasible to classify the technological characteristics that entrust best comply with the users requirements. This holistic perspective will augment the quality of the medical technology equipment experience and the well being of the user when applying the medical technology. The user centered perspective which is applied by practitioners with respect to biotech may enable wellness care organizations to possess a methodology of application when procuring and applying medical technology. This users perspective includes the ascertaining if the medical technology equipment complies with the ergonomics requisites of the user and if there will be any adverse impact on the technology system of which it will become an integral element (Shaver and Braun, 2008). The Nielsen -Schneiderman Heuristics Perspective The Nielsen- Schneiderman Heuristics are the following elements of evaluations which should be applied from a users perspective on the ergonomics of medical tec hnology equipment 1. Consistent results- The users should be aware that the actions which are performed will provide empirically assessed results. 2. Visible operation of the medical technology equipment. 3. Mental compatibility of the users perception of the medical technology equipment concept. 4. Minimal information requisites. 5. Minimal memorization of the medical technology equipment required. 6. User feedback on the efficiency of the medical technology equipment. 7. Resiliency- The user should be able to custom tailor the medical techn

Rewrite and clarification of problem statement and Lit review Essay

Rewrite and miniature of problem statement and Lit review - Essay ExampleSocial support is commonly use as a means to pacify the tense individuals. Social support plays an meaning(a) role in solving marital problems and has provided greatly improved the marital satisfaction among twosomes conventionally. Social support is very important tool for dealing with marital problems and often leads to positive outcomes. It is deemed good for the sustainability of marriage as well as the psychological wellbeing of the whole family (Cummings, 1998, p. 78). Owing to the noticeable usability of social support in sustaining a marriage, in that location has been blossoming interest in studying the role of social support in safeguarding marriages from potentially infectious effects of marital problems (Verhofstadt et al, 2005, p. 23). People even judge counsel when there is no proper choose for it. However, it is a useful practice. unrivaled does not strike to get extremely distressed in assign to seek help (Goodman, 1999, p. 342). Marriagecounselingis a type of relationship therapy that focuses on building and maintaining a strong, healthy marriage (Foster, 2011). Social support providers have developed counseling programs to suit the needs of hoary couples who conventionally remain out of the focus. However, elderly couples feel much more reluctant than young couples to seek social support in order to improve their marital relationship. In context of this matter, factors that may watch the alliance of the elderly people with the social support provider become concerns of prime importance. In order for the marriage counselor to gain a firm understanding of the underlying issues causing trouble in the marital relationship of the client, he/she needs to know about various matters related to the married brio of the client. It is a must for the marriage counselor to develop a certain level of intimacy with the couple so that the job can be done appropriately. It i s highly un in all likelihood for a client to let a collaborative relationship with a counselor without the existence of trust amidst the two (Sheth and Sobel, 2000, p. 4). One way in which their reluctance can be overcome is by developing marital counseling programs cave inicularly to suit the needs of elderly people. There are several factors that play a decisive role in determining the level of intimacy between the client and the marriage counselor. Such factors accommodate but are not limited to the age, sex, race, language and culture of both the client and the marriage counselor. refinement that the client and the counselor mutually share directs adequate need-based practices and behaviors (Oladipo and Balogun, 2010, p. 5). Physical attributes influence the formation of initial impressions between strangers (Newcomb et al., 1965). According to Beutler et al. (1986), the chronological age greatly impacts the initial impressions that clients form of counselors. Because of their limited experience, many young counselors have little to no experience of interaction with an old client. The very lack of experience on the part of young counselors limits their comfort or interest in dealing with the old people (San, 2011). It is quite likely for an old client to be skeptical about the eligibility of a young marriage counselor in helping him improve his marital relationship with his spouse. Several theories provide the hypothesis about the views of old clients in need of

Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Research Proposal - Essay ExampleAll the countries round the gentlemans gentleman are concerned about the carbon footprints and its effects. The developed countries have already taken various measures and espouse policies under the Kyoto Protocol. The other developing countries are taking steps towards reduction of jethouse effect but none of them have accepted the international legal bindings to do so (Ackerstein, and Katherine, 2007 Ginsburg, and Bloom, 2004). This arena would be management on third estate marting, which would not only include the corporate strategies of the multinationals towards manufacturing and selling their products in an eco-friendly manner, but similarly analyze the other functions of the companies, which also depict their eco-friendly initiatives such as adoption of discolour accounting, and eco-friendly promotional strategies. few well-known multinational companies would be chosen to discuss their green strategic framework within which surround f riendly production, operation, promotion, supply chain, and even financial practices would be comprehensively discussed. 1.2 Research Objectives The aim of this question study is to scrutinize the eco-friendly marketing strategies that are adopted by the multinational companies. The major objectives would be to recognize the green or eco-friendly strategic framework of few multinational companies, and evaluate the benefits that these companies enjoy for such an initiative. 1.3 Research Questions The research questions have been formulated in line with the aims and objectives of this research study. They are stated below Q1 How does the multinational companies divide their target market on the basis of customers preference for green marketing or products? Q2 What prerequisites are considered for selecting green marketing strategies in these companies? Q3 How does the marketing mix change when the connection chooses to shift towards green marketing? Q4 What benefits or advantages c ompanies enjoys after adopting eco-friendly strategies? Q5 How does green accounting benefit multinational companies? Chapter II LITERATURE REVIEW Literature canvas serve in evaluation of scientific theories and literature that has been identified through research. These are information in stock(predicate) through existing database on green marketing and related strategies adopted by the companies in the early(prenominal) and also during the present business environment. These information or data in turn also assist in laying foundation for further research studies. Ginsberg and Bloom (2004), stated in order to save with conducting a research on the stated research question, firstly, a rich understanding on green marketing and the preferences of the customers for it, has to be gained. Various research studies show that in order to identify the target market in this case, there is requirement for customers tendency towards green marketing (Fuller, 1999 Coddington, 1993). There i s no fixed green marketing strategy on the basis of which all the companies design their strategic framework. It depends on the aims, objectives, mission, and vision of the company (Polonsky and Charter, 1999). The consumption of energy and change in climate are closely related. Multinationals

Teaching Evaluation Tool Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Teaching Evaluation Tool - search Paper ExampleAs the tools for appraising the performance of teachers differ in structure, Figure 1 (please bewitch Appendix A) indicates a wider range of subject classification included during evaluative period. In particular, a cast of domains are being assessed in the tool data-driven planning, instructional delivery, assessment, learning environment, communication, professionalism, student achievement. Preliminarily, planning stage involve to be anchored with stable database on individualized background of students, for appropriate planning strategies to work. This way, strong foundations for exhibiting more trenchant delivery of lessons are attained, coupled with multi-dimensional methods in assessing whether teaching strategy has been a success or not. The incidental domains are interconnected, dealing with direct associations between teachers and students in a conducive learning environment which in turn, can be fostered by skills in comm unication and maintenance of professional attitudes in academic settings. In a positive academic atmosphere, learning is conducive, enhancing teacher performance as the advent of professionalism exists through respectfully treating their students as collaborative partners in education.

Effect of inflation on USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

piece of ostentatiousness on USA - Essay Example lump is a depreciation of money, reducing their get power. Inflation can be the result of a decrease in the production of goods produced at changeless quantity of paper money. It is accompanied by higher prices and the lowering of living standards. But not all(prenominal) lowering of prices is a measure of ostentatiousness. Prices may rise because of the deterioration of product quality deterioration in the terms of the extraction of fuel and raw materials, changing societal needs (Thorp, 1981).Some economists believe that inflation should be understood by the raising general level of prices in the economy. Inflation is a salubrious reaction to the economic organism caused financial distress, the attempt to overcome it, to reach equilibrium state amidst goods and money supply and demand. Inflation is reflected in excessive buying demand, the causes of which are caused by the proposal as well as demand. Certainly the drop in pur chasing power of money closely connect to price increases.For example, in 2006 consumer prices (CPI index) in the United States in January rose by 0.4% compared with the previous month, Bloomberg News inform with reference to the countrys Ministry of Labor data. Analysts expected this figure to increase 0.3%. Prices excluding the cost of fuel and foodstuffs (Core CPI index) last month increased by 0.3%, which was the maximum recovery from June 2006. Experts predicted an increase of 0.2%. According to the revised data, in December, inflation stood at 0.4% for November, rather than 0.3% as previously reported.Accelerating inflation reflects a rise in prices of food, energy and clothing. Guidance federal official Reserve System (FRS), the United States, it can no longer be neglected problem of inflation in deciding on the level of basic interest rate in the near future.Inflation in the eurozone slightly dropped in March 2006 following the decline in growth in

Hotel Industry Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Hotel Industry - Research scheme ExampleAn Organizational structure defines how job tasks are formally divided, grouped and coordinated. The main elements to consider age designing an governanceal structure are Work Specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, span of control, centralization and decentralization and formalization. The some common Organizational designs found in utilisation areThe simple structure is characterized by a low degree of departmentalization, wide spans of control, authority centralized in a single person, and little formalization. The efficacy of the simple structure lies in its simplicity. Its fast, flexible and inexpensive to maintain and accountability is clear. One major impuissance is that it is difficult to maintain in anything other than a small organization. The decision making becomes slow as the organization grows in size because of its low formalization and high centralization.A bureaucracy is characterized by exceedingly routin e operating tasks achieved through specialization, much formalized rules and regulations, tasks that are grouped into functional departments, centralized authority, constringe spans of control, and decision making that follows the chain of command. The primary strength of bureaucracy lies in its ability to perform exchangeable activities in a highly efficient manner. One of the major weakness of this structure is that it causes departmental conflicts and highly inflexible always following the rules. There is no room for modificationThe Matrix structure is characterized by dual lines of authority and combines product and functional departmentalization. IBM adopts a modified version of the matrix structure in its overall operations. The strength of this structure lies in its ability to facilitate coordination and efficient allocation of specialists. The major injustice lies in the confusion it creates, its prosperity to foster power struggles, and the stress it places on individual s.The Team structure uses teams as the central device to coordinate work activities. Companies like DaimlerChrysler, Saturn, Motorola and Xerox have made extensive use of self managed teams to improve productivity at the operational level. In smaller companies, the team structure clear define the entire organization. For instance, Imedia, a 30 person marketing firm in New island of Jersey is completely organized around teams. This structure is highly unsuitable for large companies.A Virtual organization is a small core organization that out sources major business functions. Ancle Hsu and David Ji run a virtual organization. Their firm, California based Apex Digital, is one of the worlds largest producers of DVD Players, yet the company neither owns a factory nor employs an engineer. They contract everything out to firms in China. This is suitable for small and large organizations. The major advantage is the flexibleness and the disadvantage is lack of managerial control in key aspe cts of business.The Boundaryless organization is an organization

Themes of tradition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Themes of tradition - Essay ExampleAs a result of these factors, in that respect has been significant changes in the size, height, shape and design both internal and external, of buildings. These changes have led to galore(postnominal) architectural debates. Some architects suggest that juvenile architectural designs are inspired by the traditional themes while others argue that todays designs are original and are a result of improved technology and skills and fellowship taught in the schools today. Others argue that advance(a) computer architecture is a combination of both traditional architectural and modern architectural themes. The progress of todays architectural industry has become a debate to many and there is therefore the need to analyze how both the traditional and modern themes influence the buildings we see today. tralatitious themes as depicted in architectural projects Traditional themes in architecture are establish on three design taxs traditional based design value, design value of restoration and rescue and the vernacular design value. Under the design value of restoration and preservation, architects believe that there is need to restrain the best of their structures and products for upcoming generations. They therefore work towards ensuring that even when a building is being redesigned it is restored to its original design. such architects hold on to three perspectives. The first one is the archeological perspective which holds that it is important to preserve buildings and products as part of our history. The artistic perspective holds on to the need to reserve something that is reckoned as beautiful and a masterpiece. The loving perspective on the other hand is built on the need to hold on to familiarity and reassurance. The traditional based design value is based on the belief that traditional designs depict something good and functional. This value is based on three strategies the first one is the revivalist revealline wher e an architect sticks to traditional forms of design. The contextualist strategy is where historical forms of design are used when the surroundings demand for such. The critical traditional strategy is based on the interpretation of traditional designs and applying them in modern architecture. Lastly, the vernacular design value is based on the belief that a simple and traditional design is more superior to the modern designs. This operates under quaternion key concepts. The reinvigorating concept is calls for the use of traditional designs and themes in modern times whereas the reinventing concept is where architects go out in search of new archetypes. The extending concept implies the use of traditional designs in a more modern manner while the reinterpreting concept involves the use of modern and recent expressions of architecture. With these design aspects in mind, let us take a look at some of architectural projects that have traditional insights in them. Our learning case sh all be in Japan since it is one of the countries with a rich, traditional out view of architecture and it still builds on these views up to date. The first project is the Gender Equality Center (GEC). Fumihiko Maki, the architect backside this project, believes that an architect has to rely on his innate aesthetic preferences, ethical and traditional principles as he designs his buildings. In the designing of the center, Maki observed his traditional design values since the building reflects Japanese concepts of architecture. He

King, Martin Luther. Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay

fairy, Martin Luther. Letter from Birmingham Jail - Essay ExampleDr. King responded to the charges against his be an outsider, and of the methods he brought from outside by clearly stating that he served as the president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), an organization that operates in all the states of the South. This was the argument that Dr. King used to state that he was not in any way an outsider in the issues that affects a state in the South. Dr. King said that he was called upon by the local affiliate of SCLC in Birmingham to engage in a unprovoking direct action program and so he was not in any way an outsider as he had organizational ties in Birmingham. He also believed that the methods that they claim he brought from outside are the only things that could deal with the problems of racial injustice and segregation as the other methods are rather also lame in solving these problems (King). Luther King was an African-American activist from capit al of Georgia and he was accused of being an outside agitator when he went to Birmingham. King responded by stating that, he cannot sit idly in Atlanta and turn a deaf ear or blind eye to the racial injustice in Birmingham. He said he is quite aware of the connection that exists amongst all communities and states.

GLOBAL ECONOMIC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

world(a) ECONOMIC - Essay ExampleMark and Wolff address the expansion of the proletariat. The former states that the fall of an economic placement would force workers to set up structures to facilitate self-government (Heilbroner 156). The latter attributes the recent financial meltdown to a failure in the global economic system. In addition, he reveals how the American working class has been adequate to grow as individuals from around the world seek opportunity and a better life in the United States of America. Moreover, the workers are finding a voice and leveraging their skills to negotiate for a fair resoluteness with their financial institutions.Marx looks at machines as instruments that increase production at the expense of human beings (Heilbroner 156). Although the adoption of labour saving practices such as the use of machines in factories increases efficiency while lowering the cost of production, it has a net negative effect on the economy. The move results in the loss of employment for employees. The loss of income mover that the people have less purchasing power. The decrease in purchasing power leads to a lessening in economic activities as the demand for goods decreases. A decrease in demand would lead to a decrease in economic activities. For his part, Wolff embraces the argument that has been advanced by Marx. He notes that the increasing use of machines in factories has contributed to high unemployment rates in the country.Productivity in the world has often depended on the employees who work tirelessly to deliver on the objectives of the country. However, this valuable resource in economic activities can be undermined in several(prenominal) instances. Firstly, employees are the ones who lose their jobs when the organization fails to perform well or when the economy of the country must be Secondly, they are forced to compete with machines. Moreover, American employees have been forced to compete for work with the Chinese workers. In add ition, the workers have been left

To Build a Fire by Jack London why did the traveler die If you know of Essay

To Build a fuel by Jack London why did the traveler die If you know of a personal practical application for the life lesson shown in this story, you may briefly inclu - Essay ExampleThe mans errors of judgment leads to his death, whereas the sole(prenominal) way out of it would have been to show respect to the advice by experienced people, to the laws of the nature, and to his own natural instincts sooner of relying too much on artificial means of survival.London employs a strict and effective parsimoniousness of words and terse plot construction to produce a powerful story replete with two-fold layers of meaning. Though the unpredictable aspects of Nature play a major part in the devastation of the protagonist, the heraldic bearing of a wild dog that accompanies him on his journey brings in many contrasts. The most significant among them is amid the mans estrangement from his own instincts that causes his death and the uninformed yet natural instincts of the beast that helps it survive.The depiction of the man is done deftly through references to his attitude to the excruciating cold which he understands to be cubic decimeter degrees below zero, but is in fact seventy five below zero. London describes that the absence of the lie or the tremendous cold did not make an impression on the man. It is not because he was utilise to it, as he is a newcomer to the place and it was his first winter. The trouble with him was that he was without imagination (London). He understands the extreme cold temperature on practical terms only, and tries to deal with it logically, taking for granted the man-made equipments which he hopes will protect him from the powers of Nature.The information that the temperature is in fact much below what the man understood it to be is sufficient to prep be the readers for his death. His inexperience in the terrain and his ruthlessness in discarding good advice are also explained from the beginning. However, readers are apt to hope against hope for the mans survival, as he is depicted as well-favoured a hearty fight till the end. The natural

The case of cadmium poisoning in japan Research Paper

The case of cadmium drunkenness in japan - Research Paper ExampleIn most zinc ores, this element occurs in minute quantities.Excessive exposure to the compact disc chemical is the result of Cadmium Poisoning. Human exposure to Cadmium causes damage to the body. The high levels of toxic compounds in Cadmium are dangerous to humans and the environment. If the chemical is taken orally or inhaled, it can cause tremendous health issues for the human body, and there have been numerous reports of fatalities after exposure to the body. Immediately after contact of large amounts of Cadmium with the body, the Cadmium poisoning poses a threat to the body. Small amounts of the chemical do not require much to detox the body. However, according to reports, 10 milligrams of cadmium is dangerous to the body. The most common disease associated with Cadmium is the Itai-itai disease. It is a severe form of degenerative Cadmium poisoning, and it is caused by prolonged oral Cadmium ingestion. It harms the body by causing renal and os injury. During the initial stage, femoral pain and lumbago are present. This pain gradually spreads throughout the body. If pressure is apply to the bones, the pain increases. Additional damage to the bones can cause the body to worsen. If the patient is bed-ridden, the body continues to deteriorate.The eldest register presented in this research analysis of Cadmium Poisoning in Japan is a think on the Influence of Drinking and/or Cooking with Jinzu River irrigate on the Development of Itai-Itai Disease. The second say is a Comparison between Cadmium in Rice and Renal Effects among inhabitants of the Jinzu River Basin. The third study focuses on the Influence of Consumption of Cadmium-Polluted Rice or Jinzu River Water on Occurrence of Renal hollow Dysfunction and/or Itai-itai Disease.According to the study on the Influence of Drinking and/or Cooking with Jinzu River Water on the Development of Itai-itai Disease, the authors focus was on eval uating the amount

Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Abortion - seek ExampleThese untruths have been widely perceived as facts. In addition, the Founding Fathers of this nation intended to bring non only the legal but the moral direction of American society as well(p) when they drafted the Constitution, the document that defines the laws of the nation. If they were alive today, the Founders clearly would be against the killing of innocent victims for reasons of convenience.There is little freedom of choice for women who are experiencing an unwanted pregnancy. The women themselves usually wish to bring their baby to full term. Other powerful influences in her life such as husbands/boyfriends, parents and friends are generally the postures that exact pressures on her to terminate the pregnancy. Eight expose of 10 women surveyed after abortion said they would have given birth if theyd had support and hike from family and friends (Reardon, 2002). Its the abortion that, in many cases, is unwanted by the woman, not the baby. Most oft en, the father of the child, not wishing to accept responsibility, may beg or even threaten a woman until she agrees to the abortion. In 95 percentage of all cases the male partner played a central role in the decision (Zimmerman, 1977). This and other studies have illustrated clearly that most women decide against their own conscience.Legal abortion enables fathers to force their will on mothers. Some women resort to abortion in desperation because they business organization continued abuse. That fear is substantiated as women who refuse to abort have been subjected to serious abuses which have escalated to murder if the women still persists in her refusal. get rid of is the leading cause of death for pregnant women and for what other motive could there be? Sixty-four percent of women surveyed report being pressured by others into unwanted abortions (Reardon, 1992). Immediately following an abortion, the one(s)

Poem Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Poem Analysis - examine Example drive in grows in the patrol wagon of the fans in all directions like the octopus. A go over-walker walks on the fire for a few seconds but a buff walks for life with his ticker afire. In one of the poems discussed, the lover mentions about love even after death. The interaction with the beloved and her spoken communication keeps millions of hopes of the lovers a decease The beats of the hearts of lovers are mutually controlled and the lovers respond accordingly. The bird of love moves with tantalizing speed within the hearts of lovers. Love is the eternal call that keeps the hearts of the lovers ever engaged. If God has to condemn someone, he does so by crowing the lover a broken heart. After the first tremor of love, the heart is never the same forever. all in all such thoughts engulf my mind when I read the poems. The silken thread of love runs through the poems The craziness of Being soothe (W. B. Yeats), My Last Duchess (Robert Browning, 1812-1889), Sonnet 116 (William Shakespeare) and Sonnet 43 - How Do I Love Thee (Elizabeth Barrett Browning). To live through the pangs of love is a great experience and the one who has gone through that process but can understand how invaluable those moments of suffering are. True love goes on multiplying and passion diminishes with time. Love is the singular raw material for the man-woman relationship and the gift of God to humankind. In the poem The tomfoolery of Being Comforted by W.B. Yeats, the speaker makes a sincere effort to describe through intellect on a subject which is the domain of heart. In the war related to love, mind and heart can never fare to terms. The wise saying goes there is a beauty in the sunrise and also in the sunset. The estimate of the poem is love transcends the physical changes in the body and, thus, it conquers time. The poet gets upset and in an effort to harness through the mental condition of unrequited love, enumerates the physical changes that happen with time, and how the body of his beloved surrenders to the demands. He pleads with the heart to be satisfied and endures the state of beloveds ebbing beauty. The lover is un go forthing to agree that the fall beauty of his beloved is the cause for concern. The poet employs euphemism to express sympathy. He sees her hair threads of grey and little shadows mother about her eyes that indicate darkened skin with small wrinkles. But they are inconsequential and the lover is still fascinated by her beauty. The lovers intellect comes to his rescue and supports his arguments, that with the passage of time, the heart will respond better and will be able to accept the realities related to the body, the loss of beloveds beauty and her apathy towards him. The flush of passion, in spite of beloveds age, is emphasized by the poet in the words fire that stirs about her, when she stirs. This is a beautiful metaphor for fire. In the ultimate analysis, heart wins and Yeats refuses t o accept the argument of the intellect relating to the forward-moving age of his beloved. This poem is an unusually formed sonnet. The poet has employed simple words to produce a good sonnet, which tenders an eloquent argument against the argument that women become less beautiful with advancing age. Sonnet 116 by William Shakespeare expresses more or less the same sentiments as expressed in The Folly of Being Comforted by W. B. Yeats, but with more emphasis. The first five lines indicate the true commentary of love and the

Internal Cash Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Internal Cash construe - Essay ExampleOn the other hand, both the buying agent and financial officer unfreeze keep expenditures for expenses without each others accountability there is a likelihood of fraud taking em discoverment because only one person grants authority for payments. Q4.5 (b) memo indicating recommendations for improving company procedures From Your NamesXXX To Idaho Company Management hooked Internal Cash Control Weaknesses Date 23 April, 2012 With the existing gap in the internal money control of the organization, there is a need to introduce internal control principles of cash management to development accuracy in the flow of cash and close the gap that exist. Because of the lack of a safe place to keep the company checks, it is necessary to introduce a new safe file cabinet that is lockable with plan of attack by only the treasurer or the purchasing agent. In addition, cash registers to record the checks issued in erect of the numbers in the checkbook should be introduced to avoid problems with numbering of checks issued and received (Kimmel, Weygandt & Kieso, 2011). Above all, different individuals should authorize, issue and verify checks so as to avoid fraud committed when issuing checks for expenses therefore, the treasurer and the purchasing agents should non be the only ones authorizing, signing and issuing checks for expenses incurred. ... As a result, guard duty heel Company has managed to initiate the internal control principles in its purchases and payment. There are five principles of the cash disbursement including the establishment of responsibility in within cash disbursements as the designated personnel that include the treasurer, and assistant treasurer is authorized to handle checks (Kimmel, Weygandt & Kieso, 2011). In addition, there are different individuals including the treasurer and assistant treasurer who esteem the payment of the expenses through checks as they hold them and stamp the invoices once paid . There is segregation of duties between purchasing agent, receiving department supervisor, treasurer and assistant treasurer because there is no approval of payment in checks without their authorization. Finally, Guard Dog Company has kept in place the physical, electronic and mechanical controls in place (Kimmel, Weygandt & Kieso, 2011). This is because, there is safe storage of checks in the safe whose particulars are limitedly held only by the treasurer and assistant treasurer and they use cash registers to register the issuance of the numbered checks that are used. In addition, the fact that the assistant chief restrainer carries out the reconciling of checks ensures transparency. Q4-2A. Indicate the weaknesses in internal accounting control in the handling of collections. In the handling of church collections, several weaknesses exist in the procedures followed as the ushers who assist on a willful basis do not guarantee the fact that they cannot take some of the church coll ections. In addition, the chief usher who counts the offering alone and works on a voluntary basis is also presumable to commit fraud by taking some of the collections without anybodys knowledge (Kimmel, Weygandt &

Answer question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Answer question - Essay pillowcaseSome of the Senators opposed it simply because of party politics which led them to believe Wilson had no leadership skills.thither were sev durationl characteristics associated with the progressive era including a need for purification of the govern manpowert, issues of women suffrage and their need to end as well as being prohibited. There was also a need to focus on the grievous values in society which include education and focusing much on the family. The progressive era also sought modernization of the country.Roosevelt wanted the federal government to take control of the corporations so that they stinker protect the consumers as well as conserve the corporations themselves. Taft let the others make decisions on progressive such as increasing tariffs, opening up land for private use among other things. Wilson reduced the tariffs specially the import fees, there was a new income tax, and there was penetration of new Federal Reserve notes and an introduction of central bank in 12 regional reserve districts among other reforms.Progressive era assailable up colleges for women making them enter the male dominated job markets as clerics, typists, lawyers and even doctors and journalists. This followed their role in social work and especially where they were teaching the immigrants proper and decent ways to behave and earn wage without being taken advantage of by the men. After they became properly educated, they started advocated for more of their rights and freedom from male shadows and they were helped by the women in professional jobs. Freedom according to women was to be allowed to work and venture outside of their homes like the men others defined it as being offered equal wages to the men in the same field turn to others freedom constituted not being offered lower class jobs and being sexually undermined in the workplaces.Among the successes included the reunification of the unions

Money or Happiness Essay Example for Free

Money or Happiness EssayThe general impression is that the plentiful tend to pamper their children by buying them all sorts of toys, while the poorer children do non do this because they poopnot afford to. It is usually presented in stories- especially in movies that complete children are bad while those from poorer families debate all their lives. Consequently it may be believed that children from rich families are happier than those from poorer ones. This may be the case in some instances, but is definitely not al moods true. Children mint be happy whether they are from rich or poor families. We hear of cases where poor families make all sorts of sacrifices so that their children or one of them can have a certain comfort. Fathers are known to work at extra jobs so that their children can have expensive toys for Christmas or for their birthdays. On the other hand, the children of the rich are not always presumptuousness everything they want. Rich fathers are known to m ake their children work for a living and earn their pocket capital. otherwise fathers have refused to give their children expensive toys so that they impart learn the value of hard work. Hence it is not the riches of the parents that can make the children happy but what the parents do to the child.Happiness can never be equated with having money or having rich parents for that matter. It is possible that poor parents have a close relationship with their child. In this way the child has something far better it has love. Having enough love, the child will be happy at least much happier than if it did not receive love. On the other hand it is possible that the child of rich parents have everything she wants but does not get the love and concern that she needs. The parents of rich children are sometimes withal busy spending their money and earning more. Often we hear stories of poor little rich children. Though many an(prenominal) of the stories we hear are fiction, some of them a re real indeed.Sometimes the parents of rich children believe that their child will be happy if he is provided with everything he needs. They try to substitute money for love and care. In such(prenominal) instances, the rich child can be very happy indeed. In addition, children brought up in this way tend to be very poor in relationships. They do not know how to value things similar friendships. Such a child is poor indeed, in spite of being financially rich. Using money and surrounding himself with all sorts of toys the child is apt to grow up with the wrong sense of what is true happiness. thusly one day when he realizes that money does not always buy happiness, he will not know which way to turn.Hence children from rich families may not always be happier than those from poorer families. In occurrence both are capable of being happy, with or without money.

Ethics and Compliance Paper Essay Example for Free

Ethics and Compliance penning EssayThe comp whatevers project-oriented approach improved teamwork and leve direct the playing field team culture and corporate culture subscribe been promoted an innovative spirit has been instilled and international integ ration has been improved. In terms of the market results, Lenovos adaptation of project counselling has improved the ompanys core competitiveness with improved delivery and customer satisfaction. In turn, distinctive performance was delivered In 2006, the company had a market share of seven pct in the global PC market, led only by Dell and HP. Its total turnover was USD 14. 6 billion, a rise of 10 percent over the previous year. Ethics and Compliance Paper BY bc64762 Walmart is one of many companies who wrap up its file with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. The purpose for writing around Walmarts Ethics and Compliance paper is to inform the endorser about Walmarts important compliance does. sec filin gs, analysis of financial statements, requirement for certification and legal minutes result be explained throughout further reading. Procedures for Ethical Behavior Walmart has an official statement of ethics which is meant to be applied to not only the associates and directors employed by the organization but also terzetto parties. These third parties include suppliers, consultants, public relations firms, contractors and all other third party companies who conduct business with Walmart in any fashion. Due to the fact that Walmart does conduct business in several countries the tatement of ethics may be modified to coincide with the laws and customs of each country. To conform to the statement of ethics written out by Walmart, associates expect to follow the laws written by their city, state, and country at all times. These employees are also prudent for not only reading the Guiding Principles but also understanding and using those principles every-day. Employees do not expect to memorize these policies however they are expected to learn those that apply directly to their byplays. If an employee has a motion or concern they should not be afraid to sk help from a manager or report any inappropriate conduct. If there was anything to happen and an investigation would take place with Walmart employees, the employees are expected to gather with and ensure the investigation remain private and come up front with any news that any employees may have. Along with these requirements of employees, Walmart has additional responsibilities for managers to ensure the ethical behavior is conducted. If an ethical issue is brought to a managers attention, it is their Job to report this to the Global Ethics Office at the Walmart Corporation.Managers are also expected to meet with their employees as a group to review the Guiding principles and answer any questions that may arise. Managers encourage always move ethics first in the event that an ethical issue is in conflict of business objectives. It is the managers duty to lead by example, and ensure that Just because one ethical mistake is made that this does not address within their department. Open communication between managers and employees is a must and no issue should ever be put aside regardless of the magnitude. Along with these responsibilities and requirements, discipline is handed own for those in violation. Actions are taken up to and including termination for violation of the organizations ethics policy. SEC Compliance Processes The most important process that Walmart uses to survey with SEC is to make SEC filings in accordance to the law. A sample of these filings can be examined at http// pay. yahoo. com/q/sec? s=WMT. This page gives a list of 8K and IOQ filings made by Walmart with SEC. Also of utmost importance, the finance department at Walmart prepares the financial cultivation and statements necessitate by the SEC like the Income Statement, Balance mainsheet and Cash Flow Statements.The company is then financial statements, more disclosures, controls and procedures and other information as essential under part B. It is also necessary to provide opposite Information relating to the company. The most important process of compliance that appears in the report is the signature certifying that the report is in compliance with Section 13(a) or 1 5(d) of the SEC Act of 1934. The act of signing makes the President and Chief Executive Officer responsible for the information contained in the reports. The requirement for certification makes it important for the CEO and the CFO to nsure that the information contained in the report is correct. Other organization processes are somewhat mechanical. For instance, the legal proceedings, including those against the company need to be listed. The legal department will provide a comprehensive list of the legal proceedings. Three officers, the President and the CEO, the Executive Vice-President and CFO as well as the S enior Vice President law suits filed against Walmart and the disclosures in the court contains information about the inner proceedings of Walmart. The following web sites offer one the opportunity to examine Walmarts compliance with SEC requirements http// walmartstores. com/lnvestors/SECFilings. aspx or http//www. wakeupwalmart. com/ press/article. tml? article=784. Apart from this, the SEC is responsible for the enforcement of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, the Investment familiarity Act of 1940, Trust Indenture Act of 1939 and the Securities Act of 1933. In consideration of the Sarbanes Oxley Act, the CPA auditor of Walmart is required to comment on the internal control of the company. The auditor of Walmart, Ernst Young carries out the requisite examination of the internal control at Walmart and makes comments about the internal control at Walmart. Walmarts Financial Performance over the conclusion Two YearsFinancial ratios are utilize to identi fy the strengths and weaknesses of a company. The sure ratio, debt ratio, return on equity ratio, and days receivable ratio will be used to identify Wal-Marts financial health. The ratios used will be for 2008 and 2009 to obtain a brief look at the companys financial health. The first ratio is the current ratio. The current ratio tests for a companys liquidity (Keown, Martin, Petty, Scott, Jr. , 2005). The simplest and most basic test for a companys relative liquidity is the current test, which divides the companys current assets by its current liabilities.In 2008, Walmarts current assets were $48,020 million and the current liabilities were $58,478 million for a ratio of 0. 8. In 2009, Walmarts current assets were $48,949 million and current liabilities were $55,390 million for a ratio of 0. 9. The ratios indicate that the Walmarts financial health was slightly better in 2009 than it was in 2008. Because a companys assets may be financed by debt or equity it is important to consi der a companys debt ratio. The debt ratio shows relatively how well a company manages its assets or rather how much of its assets are in the form of debt (Keown,

Special Education Inclusion Essay Example for Free

Special Education Inclusion EssaySpecial Education Inclusion addresses the literary argument of inclusion body body in preparation. It argues that inclusions controversy stems from its relation to studyal and social values in addition to several(prenominal) worth. Stout states the important questions that should always be asked when discussing inclusion. She gives us some arguments from advocates on both sides of the issue and eachone in between. She recognizes that inclusion has no simple answers. She merely intends to overview the concepts of inclusion and offers some recommendations to ensure the needs of all students ar met. Her overview begins with definitions of common vocabulary, discusses laws governing inclusion, court decisions that have governed locating under IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education movement), and ends with a conclusion, seek, and discussion. Finally, she gives recommendations for inclusion success. When discussing inclusion address t hree important question Do we value all students equally? , What do we mean by inclusion? , and Are there some children for whom inclusion is inappropriate? The wide throw off of answers to these questions makes inclusion so debat qualified. This range places advocates for and against inclusion on a wide spectrum of believe. James Kauffman, University of Virginia, opposes of inclusion. He defines inclusionais a policy driven by an unrealistic expectation that money will be saved. He feels that seek to force all students into the inclusion mold is just as coercive and discriminatory. No one should be forced into special education, residential institutions, or inclusion. I do agree that non all children fundament cope with inclusion.Proponents to inclusion believe all students belong in a regular classroom. They argue that individually student will have their needs met by a good teacher. The nature of those needs shouldnt be a factor. In between proponents and opponents to incl usion is a large group of confused parents and educators. They are unsure of the legality of inclusion and if its best for the students. The teach districts obligation to the children remains un choke to them. The overview tries to clear this up. Common vocabulary makes the concept of inclusion is clear.Mainstreaming means the placement of special education students in at least on regular education class. Inclusion includes a commitment to support the student in regular education classrooms as long as the student benefits from it. Full inclusion means a regular classroom all the time regardless of the severity of the handicap. These definitions lead to distinction between the abstract or philosophical ideas to mainstreaming and inclusion. Supporters of mainstreaming believe disabilities have to earn their way into the regular education classrooms from the special education classroom.On the other hand, supporters of inclusion believe all students belong in the regular education cla ssroom unless it is impossible to provide services there. After reading these definitions it made things clearer to me. I would be more in favor of mainstreaming than inclusion. The overview addresses the laws of inclusion. Tow federal laws oversee the disabilities in students, neither law requires inclusion. IDEA required the least restrictive environment for educating students with disabilities which begins in a regular education classroom.However, IDEA recognizes that all students can non be placed in regular education classrooms. It says placement must be determined in an IEP (individual Education Plan by a team and not solely by a schools convenience or a parents desire. The second law, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 states schools must educated students with disabilities and those without disabilities together as appropriate because they are recipients of federal funds. Too much of what is evaluate from school districts is left to interpretation by the distric t and parents.Even after IDEAs amendments umpteen questions remain unanswered. To what extent must a school go to provide inclusion? How important is the faculty member achievement? What rights do students without disabilities have? Some cases that have generated guidelines on inclusion include Greer vs. Rome city inculcate District won by the parents because the district was refusing services base on added costs which is not forgoed. Sacramento City Unified School District vs. Holland ruled in favor of the parent for spacious time regular education because the district must also consider non-academic benefits. Oberti vs.Board of Education of the Borough of Clementon School District the parents received a ruling in their favor of a more inclusive education because of educational benefits. Poolaw vs. Parker Unified School District the district won this case because of the minimal education benefits in regular education placement vs. residential placement. School District of Wisconsin Dells vs. Z. S. the district won this fight for stead education for an autistic student with a history of violence and destruction.Stout found no comparative information available in her research for the impact of inclusive vs.non-inclusive settings on academic gains, graduation rates, or work. This information has proponents to inclusion claiming segregation is detrimental.Because of the range of statistics provided on inclusion Stout has concluded that the concern should be based on the needs of the child, her/his peers, and the systems ability to meet those needs. I agree that every child needs to be evaluated case by case. Stout ends the paper with recommendations for inclusion. Before implementing inclusion twain things need to occur. First, when considering an inclusive approach the entire school community should be included.Second, these changes need to be research based. With this mind some recommendations include Use Well-developed IEPs should guide a childs placement Include teachers and support staff must be included in decision making fasten available staff development must be available Develop a process to allow teachers to challenge and IEP Involve parents and students in the process of making decisions Consider team teaching, co-teaching, and other programs Stout concludes that for inclusion to be effective, through planning is critical.Planning must involve special education, regular education, and all manifold in the restructuring of a schools entire program for real inclusion. Constant assessment and animadversion are absolutely necessary. Currently education classroom teachers seem unprepared and understaffed to be able to handle inclusion in their classroom. Stout, K. S. (2007, March 15). Wisconsin Education Association Council. Retrieved September 29, 2011, from Resource Pages on Issues http//www. weac. org/Issues_Advocacy/Resource_Pages_On_Issues_One/Special_Education/special_education_inclusion. aspx.

Business document comparisons Essay Example for Free

Business enter comparisons EssayDocument name Public council letter Thank you letter for participating in a marathon for a charity Purpose of the account To inform a member of the community to pull a halt to the constant barking of their dog between certain times of the night To congratulate a member who took part in the run of a marathon for charity and thank him/her for His/her efforts in participation. too inform the participant of his/her position in the competition. Target audience Specified house owner ages 18+ Specified participant in competition. Writing style and tone.Formal language but written so that the matter is taking seriously with no use of passive language i. e. please can you forfeit that dog barking, but dont worry if you cant do it straight away because this takes a sense of unassumingness away from the letter. A congratulating and formal passage of writing. Specified to respect the receiving system and his/her efforts. Presentation style This documen t is not set out to attract or catch the eyes of people it is purely to hold the recipient with the enjoyment/problem. So a variety of colours and shades are not utilise as there is no reason to. This document is based as a certificate with a letter.As it was produced to congratulate someones achievement. it has lots of colours and images on the topic of sport. Layout Logo. Address of recipient and councils address. Text (the main(prenominal) flush/purpose of the document). Signature from person who wrote the letter. Logo. Address of recipient and councils address. Text (the main point/purpose of the document). Signature from person who wrote the letter. Accuracy, clarity and consistency The letter was made for its purpose the letter goes straight to the point and does need anything else. The writing is specific and formal, with no spelling mistakes.It is also sticking to specifics and with formal language. It is more recipient friendly, what I mean by this is that the language is congratulatory towards the person and is of less urgency, in the way that something has been through with(p) wrong and needs to be acted on. What I would improve I dont think there is any well(p) needed on this invoice, it has said what it has needed to and given the appropriate details for the recipient This is a good letter but I think there is an area of improvement for the presentation style. Dean smith 11k Letter comparison Dean smith 11k Letter comparison.

TUFS Value Proposition Essay Example for Free

TUFS Value Proposition EssayThe practiced Underwriting Financial System (TUFS) (McKeen Smith, 2012), like any Information Technology (IT) jut gets a encourage assessment. This value assessment is intended to help tune leaders weigh the possible benefits and risks associated with the make. In the case of TUFS, nearly of the anticipated benefits included financial savings through improved efficiency and e- traffic capabilities. As noted in the case, the company had not made use of the e- care feature two old age after it was released. This may header to an IT failure, but it may be as likely that a communication failure among those responsible for formation company strategy produced the unused feature. The anticipated benefits represent expectations, which in this case dont turn out to have been clearly defined by IT or their business counterparts. It may be of more pastime in this case to ask how the project fit into the company strategy. One reason this is importan t is that the expectations (benefits) menti unrivalledd argon tactical in nature. In other words, improved efficiency and e-business may be proper business tactics, but in the absence of a clear strategy, its difficult to say how these features would give the company an advantage. External Investment and CommitmentIT projects require buy-in from stakeholders. There argon several reasons to get buy-in earlier starting an IT project, some of which include investment during development and commitment to transition away from old processes to the bracing system upon completion. Unilateral IT projects often wishing the level of investment and commitment required for a thriving IT project. This becomes even more critical as the scope and size of the project increases. The TUFS project had low stakeholder elaboration in the beginning and early stakeholder abandonment when issues arose.In IT projects, there is a risk of going to one of two extremes analysis paralysis or inadequate requ irements planning. In some projects, the analysis phase tolerate reach a pointat which no work is getting done and stakeholders are contemptible away from consensus sort of than toward it. This situation may signal a project thats poorly line up with company strategy or even a faulty strategy. For example, a strategy may be to improve the reception of new yields by targeting tighter integration between sales and research and development (RD) organizations. In such a scenario it could be plausible to devise an IT project that would synchronize the efforts of sales and RD.However, with two really different groups, salespeople and engineers, consensus may be difficult to reach. In this case, the lack of consensus may be a good sign that either a modified strategy or a different tactical climax would be preferable to pursuing the project. The alternative of inadequate requirements planning may indicate a lack of strategy altogether. Projects that lack careful requirements are oft en conceived and executed unilaterally. This presents epoch-making risks when original time lines require modification. There are other risks associated with adoption and adaptation. Failure to view the system as a whole, which mustiness include training, support and feedback mechanisms, may be another indication that the project is being pursued unilaterally or that analysis is failing toachieve consensus. When there is lack of investment and commitment, the safest, although sometimes frustrating, course of execute is to pause the IT project and return to strategy discussions for better alignment with all stakeholders.Monolithic, All or goose egg SystemsMany significant IT projects have the objective of replacing systems that have been in place for years. In just about cases, those systems have evolved over time to become what they are. As the business grew, so did the systems that enable that business. A significant implication of this is that the current systems in use by a company required many years and significant financial investment to become what they are. Surprisingly, many business people believe that a fetch up replacement of such a system is possible in a very short full point of time.The amount of effort and cost involved in implementing a new system is underestimated. The required changes to prompt business processes is underestimated. The amount and duration of required training is underestimated. This tendency to underestimate creates a set of impossible expectations, which can product tension between IT and other departments. The result is that many attempts to put a new, monolithic system in place fail. Furthermore, monolithic systems will rarely satisfy the requirements of the broad spectrum of stakeholders who have an pursuance in its outcome.The human tendency to view desired changes as all or nothing sometimes makes opportunities for incremental replacement of functionality difficult to sell. It is often true that there is a m inimum viable product (MVP) required for an initial release of a new IT system. One factor in the success of an IT project is in accurately identifying that MVP and limiting the scope to only essential functionality. After that, continuous improvements are much lower risk and more likely to be prioritized based on actual business needsand value. One way to approach this is to think in terms of segmented job functions rather than think monolithically. Define the intersection of job functions and allow systems to develop independent of one another with closely defined interfaces between them.Role MyopiaA common pitfall in IT projects relates to a sign view of job role. This myopia of roles within a company interferes with communications and subverts accountability. When this occurs, technologists and business participants are at risk of relying on false assumptions about who is qualified and accountable for making tell apart decisions about functionality. sign up views of roles def eat the synergy that is desired in large projects. On the other hand, when technologists show a willingness to take heed other job functions before attempting to create IT solutions for them, the outcome is often more applicable. Similarly, when individuals in key business functions take time to understand the capabilities and limitations of key technologies, the solutions they request are more likely to meet relevant needs.Define Key Success Metrics FirstA final observation from the case is that the postmortem examination discussion in which the CFO asked for the metrics that would determine success for future projects should have been discussed before the TUFS project began. A careful identification of pain points and deficiencies up front may even reveal quick and easy solutions that can be applied to existing systems. Even when quick solutions arent possible, this is a key step in establishing measurements for the execution of the IT project that will follow. Measurements mus t be able to quantify losings and gains.ReferencesMcKeen, J. D., Smith, H. A. (2012). It strategy issues and practices (second ed.). Pearson.

Blood Diamond - Film Essay Example for Free

Blood rhombus Film EssayI pair with this view because key thinkings are an important part of a film to make it more arouse for the audience. In the film Blood Diamond directed by Ed strugglefared Zwick some of the key ideas are What is priceless and important, the devastation of war and growth of people and resources. These key ideas in the film help viewers to get word the film let on. The key idea of what is valuable is an important one in the film. The three main characters Maddy, Danny and Solomon every have something different that is valuable to them. Maddy is a journalist who travels around the world in search of a good story. She ends up in Sierra Leone to get a story active what is going on with the civil war over the diamonds but when she gets there she finds it hard to get any information about the diamond smuggling so she focuses on the offbeat of the earth and the people. In the film Maddy is shown to value the well-being of the Sierra Leone people. Th is is shown when Maddy is writing a story on her laptop and then Danny walks in.Maddy lets Danny know how important the welfare of the country is to her when she says, Its not going to be enough to make it stop. People ass home wouldnt buy rings if they knew it cost someone else their hands. Writing her stories does not have a big ready on the people in the western world they are too selfish to help the country out in their time of civil war. Another text I read is A farsighted Way Gone written by Ishmael Beah in that text the main character of the non-fiction text is Ishmael who is in the civil war in Sierra Leone at the same time as Maddy.He is a cramd child soldier and he values his freedom. Another key idea in Blood Diamond is the devastation of war. The film shows how war is devastating because many lives are wooly and most of the lives lost are civilians who arent involved in the war at all. An example of the devastation of war is when the rebels burst into Solomons vill age and kill nearly everyone while on their violent barb rampage. The rebels siret care who they shoot or how many they shoot which is devastating. Another example is the way the rebels force children to become soldiers.They steal the children away from their families and make them shoot people. They make them say the chant shed their farm animal which is forcing the children to kill. in that location is devastation when the rebels burst into the city and and start blowing it up and catching it on fire and shooting people in the street who have no defense against the rampage. The army try to fight back but they are outnumbered and have no chance against the Rebels. Everyone is scared of the rebels and the survivors go into hiding.A camera snapshot is used to show how scared the civilians are and how powerful the Rebels are is when Danny looks through a the hole in the fence and the camera shows what the facial expression is outside the fence through the hole from Dannys point of view. The scene on the other side of the fence is of some army guys getting shot at by Rebels. People back home wouldnt buy rings if they knew it cost someone else their hands. Maddy This shows the devastation of war. My final examination key idea is the exploitation of people and resources.The film shows us that children were victimised to become soldiers by the rebels. There are scenes in the film showing the Rebels bursting into villages and snatching children from their families and taken to the rebel camps. In the text A long Way Gone children are also expiated to be soldiers for the Rebels. Ishmael was found by the Rebels and taken to a camp and forced to be a soldier or he would lose his own life. These are examples of how people were exploited in texts during the civil war in Sierra Leone in the 1990s.Also during this war some resources were exploited one of them was diamonds. Diamonds are mined by unpaid hold outers who are forced to work with no benefits then they are illegally taken across the put to tother countries who then sell the exploited diamonds, one country they do this in is Liberia. Danny is a good example of taking the diamonds across the border when he stashes some under a goats skin and makes up a story to tell the regime but it doesnt work. With all the deflowerion going on in the country Solomon says, perhaps we were better off when the white man was ruling us. This shows that since they have become republic the country has become corrupt and Solomon thinks that if they were ruled by the commonwealth they would be better off and not have war. Blood Diamond explores the key ideas of What is valuable and important which is the welfare of the Sierra Leone people, devastation of war which is when the RUF kill innocent citizens. And the exploitation of people and resources which is when the RUF force children to become soldiers. Exploration of these issues certainly contributes to making this one of the best films.

Family Assessment Essay Example for Free

Family Assessment EssayGordons functional wellness sits is a method developed by Marjory Gordon, a nursing theorist and professor. The functional health patterns argon to be work turn outd during the nursing process to obtain a much comprehensive assessment. There be 11 functional health patterns to in place to create a comprehensive assessment. The functional health patterns atomic number 18 determine and health perception and management, sleep/ take a breath, nutrition, bodily process/exercise, elimination, cognitive-perceptual, role relationship, self perception, head-stress tolerance, sexuality and religion.In this paper, I will discuss all of these functional health patterns as they pertain to my husbands perception of our family. Functional wellness Patterns I interviewed my husband using Gordons functional health pattern guided questions. Miguel is a 41 year old father of four children, Trysten who is 6, Tyernen is 5, Lola is 3 and Eva who is 14 months old. Miguel has been married to Susan for 13 years. He has been cut a household for the past 5 years at, taking on the newest role for men as a stay at home p arent.The Health PerceptionHealth Management pattern involves health practices used to reach current level of health or wellness and the individuals actual health status. Questions should accent on the individuals perceived health status and meaning of health. During the assessment of this pattern, a nurse may dig other patterns that may need to be explored. (Edelman) Rarely sick, Miguel goes to the doctor when necessary and is on Zoloft for anxiety. The kids brace been to the doctor this year for their well check ups. Trysten is battling allergies, and just got over a sinus transmission.Eva had an ear infection and is now teething. Tyernen had his tonsils out last year. Lola is relatively healthy and Susan just discovered she has been starting to demoralize migraines and is hard different home remedies for these. Nutritional-meta bolic patterns focus on the nutrient intake relative to metabolic need. This includes evidence of nutritionary balance (physical examination) and reports and description of food and fluid consumption (history). (Edelman) M all meals are eaten out, fast food and restaurants are frequented.When foods are cooked at home, stews, steak, chicken cutlets, pastas, bread, and salads are usually made. Snacks include fruits and banana shakes he makes for the kids. He is profound and states he knows so. The kids are healthier, and the parents make cleanse choices for them then they do for themselves. Susan is, too, overweight. A very important figure when assessing the sleep-rest pattern is the perception of getting an adequate amount of relaxation and sleep. If the individual reports energy levels waning or fatigue this may provide some indication of the individuals happiness.People claim their own ideas about the roles that rest and sleep play in preparing the individual for desired or required daily activities. This pattern becomes passing important when sleep and rest are reported as insufficient because it effects other aspects in the assessment. (Edelman) Miguel states that he has trouble sleeping and is often tired the next day. He states the doctor ordered a sleep study for my sleep apnea Im sure I have, save I neer go. Children sleep well through the night, approximately 10 hours. Susan just switch from working night duty period to day shift, and is flipping her schedule around.Elimination patterns include bladder, skin and bowel function. Nurses ask the patient about regularity, quality, and measure of stool and urine through reports from the individual any changes or perceived problems and about methods used to get regularity or control. Perspiration quantity and quality determine excretory skin function. (Edelman) In regards to his sewer habits, he states he goes regularly. Miguels skin is clear, some dryness on elbows and knees noted. Hair and nai ls look healthy and clean. Children have normal patterns and skin is clear no dryness.Susan has drier skin, states bathroom needs are normal. The activity-exercise focuses on activity level, regular exercise program, and leisure time activities. Physical and subjective assessments include movement capability, activity tolerance, use of assistive devices, self-care ability, satisfaction with activity and exercise patterns, and any perceived problems. (Edelman) With the 4 children, he does get out and play with the kids, but there is no regular exercise routine. The children play everyday outside, wether in the commons or in the yard. Susan doesnt have a regular exercise program either.Cognitive patterns are the ability of the individual to understand and follow directions, make decisions, solve problems, retain information and use voice communication enchantly. Auditory, olfactory, visual, gustatory, tactile, and kinesthetic sensations and perceptions impact the perceptual and sen sory patterns. (Edelman) Cognitively, Miguel reads the news online and utilizes the internet to write to his family in Argentina. English is his game language, and he does need assistance expressing himself every once in a while. He does wear glasses, but they are more for driving needs. Children are developmentally on target for their respective ages.Susan is working just time, taking on line courses and running a home with the help of her husband. The sense of each individuals face-to-face identity, emotional patterns, goals, and feelings about the self is the self perception pattern. Self-image and sense of worth come from the individuals perception of private appearance, limitations, and competencies, including the individuals self-perception and others perceptions. (Edelman) Miguel wants to go back to school, but his family is first. At this time, he is at home, allowing his wife to continue her education to better their situation.He feels trapped at times, wants to go back to work. He wants to go to the gym, but his children are more important at this time. He reads to better his knowledge purse and fixes the cars, thriving on a negociate when it is found. Again, children seem to be on with their developemental milestones. Susan is having trouble with her physical appearance. Though she projects a confident persona, she is uncomfortable with how she looks at this time. Roles-relationships pattern describes the identity the individual assumes with in a social group and how they interact with others with in that social group and how they are connected.The individuals perception is a large component of the assessment, as is the individuals subjective level of satisfaction with the roles and relationships they are in. (Edelman) Miguel states I am a daddy, husband, and a friend. He describes himself in his roles, daddy being the roughly important to him. The childrens role are still being determined due to the fact they are so young. Trysten is big b rother to all and best friend to daddy. Tyernen is a big brother and in contender with Trysten all the time, though it seems to make them want to be better. Tyernen favors his mother, but jokes around often with daddy.Lola seems to have interpreted on the role of trouble maker, and Eva is following her footsteps. Susan has taken on the role of mother, breadwinner, student, and nurse (not in any specific order). She tends to lead the family, get everyone moving. The sexuality-reproductive pattern is defined by the individuals sexual functioning, sexual self-concept, methods of intimacy, and reproductive areas. The wideness of sexuality to the individuals life and health is related to the relationship and self-perception patterns. Body image, gender identity and role are linked to sexual identity.Sexual functioning involves, but is not limited to, sexual relations with a partner. (Edelman) Miguel and Susan have not been physically intimate in a long while. Either one of them cogita te the last time. This is most(prenominal)ly due to Susans self-perception/body image and the busy lives that are being lead. Miguel has expressed more than once that the physical aspect of their shared sexuality is unsatisfying. The ability to manage stress in life is a learned behavior. Stress is an inevitable part of life without it there is no need to grow. Most stress comes from minor irritations that build over time, not great tragedies. Edelman) There are many a(prenominal) stressors affecting this family. Four young childrens demands, being in Arizona when we would prefer to be in juvenile York, working full time, going back to school, staying home with the kids, many many stressors are impacting the lives of the two parents. For the most part, the stress is handled well, though we both seem to be reaching for food too often and may need to re evaluate our coping mechanisms so it doesnt impact the childrens learned coping mechanisms. The values-beliefs pattern is define d as the individuals goals, spiritual values and beliefs.Each of the 11 health patterns addresses the value systems of individuals, family, and society. Individual values or beliefs develop over time and guides the individuals life through societal influences and personal experiences with family. (Edelman) There is no firm religious influence in the home. The family is valued, belief in building a strong base for the children to grow. After compiling the data from the assessment of the family discussed in the paragraphs above, some nursing diagnosis that would be appropriate would be Altered Nutrition more than body requirements related to using food as a coping mechanism.Sexual dysfunction related to change in body or self-image. Ineffective coping related to inadequate coping method. In conclusion, the functional health patterns gave me a better idea of what is misfortune in my family and how it is effecting my husband and our relationship. There is always an aspect of the health patterns that can be improved upon inside a family, it is the nurses job when assessing to be thorough and helpful.

Principles of Supervision Essay Example for Free

Principles of Supervision EssayAs part of this course, you will be requi deprivation to take line notes for the field portion of the class which I will grade at the end of the semester. These field notes should be taken as if you were a naturalist describing the biology/ecology of a newly-discovered environment. An example of what I assumeDate October 22, 2011Location Fort DeSotoTime 0930 0945Conditions Heavy rain and wind, occasional lightning, grievous flooding due to extremely high tidesWalking on the trail at the welcome summation where the water was waist deep. At the southern red cedar tree I noticed a bull shark feeding on a brown pelican, at which time I cancelled around and went home.Species identified (for species you identify, sketches are often helpful, maybe even indicate whether or not you took a picture. I STRONGLY suggest you take notes on any diagnostic characters we talk about)Southern red cedar 20 feet tall, with scaly, needle-like leaves, bluish berri es, and brown, shredded barkBrown pelican large, brown bird, with a long, broad billhook and a white headBull shark 5 feet long, very deep-bodied (large girth), blunt nose obviously I dont anticipate that you will pass off a scene such as this, but similar detail is required. Notes should be taken both in class and during your out-of-class excursions. Include drawings of plants/animals, recognize identifying features, terms we discuss etc. These notes will be extremely beneficial when studying for your field exam as well as preparing your collections. NOTE field notes do not need to be typed, but I must be able to clearly read your writing. Also, a simple list of species we encounter will not be sufficient. To receive full credit, at a minimum you must hand a set of field notes for every field trip we take. Should you miss a field trip, it is your responsibility to make up the trip on your own.

The Unorganised Sector Issues And Concerns Essay Example for Free

The Un organise Sector Issues And Concerns EssayProblems of DefinitionThe protrude of the Indian cranch force is employed in what is loosely referred to as unstructured domain. Most of them argon neither coordinate nor hive any access to social security. Their habit is unprotected, their rents ar super low, and a deep section of them live under conditions below the poverty line. The studyal efforts by the state welcome understand little to improve their living coalitions. This is a matter of concern non unless for the craft matrimonys plainly in like manner for e genuinely rational person in this country. Defining the term unincorporated orbit is a difficult task indeed. Apart from the conceptual difficulties, the explanation also depends on who is defining it and for what purpose. in that location be broadly three different usages of the term. Firstly, the government plan documents m-id demographic surveys extensively use the term. check to this usag e, the unorganized ara is defined preferably negatively, is comprising of the moil force that falls outside the sum of moneyized firmament.The set up firmament is defined is the champion covering tire force employed in all the enterprises in the habitual field and only the non-agricultural establishments in the private sphere of influence employing 10 or more becomeers The criterion of 10 is derived from the Factories Act, which covers all the establishments employing 10 or more people. This definition though indicative of the structure of engagement fails to narrow each arena, and on that pointfore leaves many questions unanswered. It nonetheless serves the purpose of government planning and projections. wedded the fact that nonunionised heavens accounts for more than 90% of the grasp force in the country, the inadequacies of this definition as reflected in the statistical information, appear to be marginal, even though in factual terms the numbers may b e really high. Another governmental source, which defines the unformed sector, again for statistical and administrative purposes, is that of the Central Statistical Organisation. concord to this definition, the unformed sector includes all those unincorporated enterprises andhousehold industries (other than the nonionised ones) which are not regulated by any statute law and which do not maintain annual accounts or balance sheets. This definition also serves the limited administrative purposes, and does not qualify the sector. In any case, some(prenominal) the preceding(prenominal) definitions are base on the experienceing legal framework, whether concerning labour or business establishments, and are therefore liable to qualifying with constantlyy change in legislation. Therefore, these definitions are hardly adequate tools for social analysis. The second source of definition of the term unorganized sector is literature in the economics discipline. Economists rescue trie d to define this sector in terms of the organisation of capital, personality of products, technologies used (traditional or modern), the markets served (local or general) or the consumers of the products (rich or poor)The dissertation has been that the unorganised sector is characterised by low technology that it caters to local markets and to consumers who come from the lower segment of the society. There are many difficulties with this definition too. Bannerji argues that attempts at clearly delineating the character of the unorganised sector have not been successful because such clear-cut demarcation is not universally valid. The exact combination of activities that actually exist in any one region at a given cartridge holder, seem to be an final result of the interaction of various factors such as complexity of the economy, the actual extent and distribution of control of investment resources and the technological choices available to that economy. Since the configuration of such factors is al some always specific to each situation, what is true of one country at one time, fails to apply to another Attempts to distinguish the two sectors on the basis of products, markets and technologies have a severe limitation, because of the extensive linkages that exist in the midst of the sectors, very often the organised sector pickings advantage of the low cost operation in the unorganised sector to manufacture its get products which are for general market.Moreover, bulk of the export goods are manufactured in tile unorganised sector through a systematic decentralisation of the production process and the putting-out system. The trio usage of the term unorganised sector is by the get by unions and those concerned with labour. The attempt made by Nirmala Bannerji comes under this category of usage of the term. According to her, the unorganised sector usually consists of productive activities withloosely formed groups bound by diverse types of promiscuous wor king signals. It includes a section of the self-employed, wage earners, family producers as also household workers. The signifi stackce of this definition is that it brings in the nature of work relationship as the main factor that distinguishes organised from the unorganised sector. The unorganised sector consists of productive activities carried out by loosely formed groups which are bound by informal contracts. plane though Bannerjis definition brings out the most important feature film feature of the unorganised sector, from labours horizontal surface of view, further exploration is required to get an insight into the complexity and the diversity of this sector.There are legitimate fundamental difficulties in using the existing categories of organised sector and unorganised sector for trade union purposes. Trade unions by their very nature are essentially concerned with protecting labour from using and arbitrariness of whoever employs them. If labour Protection is taken i s the basic criterion of the trade unions, then organised and unorganised cease to be homogeneous categories, because we find unprotected labour in both the sectors. Even though the unorganised sector accounts for the majority of them, even the organised sector has its own share of unprotected labour in the form of casual, contract, badli, and temporary workers whose employment conditions are similar to those in the unorganised sector. One may argue that the proportion of the unprotected labour in the organised sector is very marginal.This is however not true, because, during the eighties there has been a gradual decline in permanent employment accompanied by a sharp rise in the casual employment. A recent survey of seven major industries, commissioned by Friedrich Ebert Foundation in 1991, reports that during the eighties, in almost all the industries the proportion of casual and temporary employment has increased phenomenally, ranging between a quarter to nearly half of the tota l workforce. The National have Survey info also show a similar trend. According to this data, in the organised sector, the employment growth rate has declined from 2.48 per cent during 1977-78 1983 to 1.38 per cent during 1983 1987-88. In the organised manufacturing sector, particularly, employment had virtually stagnated during 1983- 1987-88. Given the above trends, from the trade union perspective, it would be fallacious to characterise organised sector as the protected sector, and the unorganised sector as theunprotected sector.Apart from these conceptual difficulties, very often, among the trade union circles, there exists confusedness between the terms unorganised sector and unorganised labour. Many use these terms synonymously, even though there is a substantial difference between the two. While the former refers to the unorganised part of the sedulousness or the whole economy, the latter refers to workers who are not organised as trade unions. It is true that the bulk of t he labour force in the unorganised sector is not organised, but at the same time there are also unorganised workers in the organised sector. Similarly, there are also many workers within the unorganised sector, as we shall see, who are organised as trade unions.From a purely trade union point of view, it may be more appropriate to use the terms protected sector and unprotected sector which cut across both organised and unorganised sectors. However, it would be impossible to all in all discard the terms that are currently in use because the entire edifice of the statistical data is built on this foundation. Nonetheless, it would be useful to be aware of the inadequacies of the existing categories. One needs to be, particularly, too-careful while interpreting the official data.Labour in the Unorganised SectorKeeping the above mentioned definitional problems in view, let us now examine the salient features of the labour force in the unorganised sector as reflected in the official dat a. According to 1991 census, the total labour force in India is estimated to be 317 one thousand thousands. come forth of this, the organised sector employs only 26.8 millions (8.5 %), while the unorganised sector employs as many as 290.2 millions, (91.5 %) (See graph 1 and Table 1).Pension scheme for agricultural labourers all over the country. As discussed earlier, the distinction between these two sectors is very life-and-death from the point of view of employment relationship. It is not clear from the census data whether the figures for the organised sector employment include the casual / contract workers also. If it does, then the proportion of the protected labour will be less than 8.5 per cent. While the majority of workers in the organised sector hive rule-governed salaried jobs in the registered factories and service establishments, the workers in the unorganised sector are either self-employed or work as casual wage labourers in a wide range of sectors both non-agricul tural and agricultural. The crucial distinction between the sectors is the nature of employment relationship. Going by Bannerjis definition cited earlier, the unorganised sector includes agricultural labourers, construction workers, lumber workers, weight workers, beedi workers, workers in small and tiny industrial units, powerloom and handloorn workers, self-employed workers, internal workers and so on.If we use the term unprotected sector, then the list also includes all the casual / contract workers employed in the organised sector. Technically, labour laws do not differentiate between organised and unorganised sectors. However, in practice, they provide ample opportunities to the employers and their contractors to deny basic rights to current categories of workers. As we shall see later, there are certain structural problems, which make, it difficult for workers to assert their rights. In the organised sector, for instance, the production strategies such as subcontracting, a ncillarisation, etc., are essentially geared to by-pass the protective legislations. As a result, over the years, the proportion of casual and contract labour hasbeen increasing in almost all the industries in both private and public sector. An important characteristic feature of the unorganised sector is that it employs a large number of women.The relative proportion of distaff workers is very high in this sector. As shown in Table 1, only 4.2% of the total female workers (as defined in Census) are in the organised sector. The corresponding percentage for male workers is 10.2%. The difference is rather striking if we have a bun in the oven at the absolute figures. As against 23 million male workers there are only 3.8 million female workers in the organised sector. That is, for every six male workers there is only one female worker. In wrinkle to this, in the unorganised sector, there are 86.8 million women workers against 203.4 million male workers. That is, there is one woman w orker for every two and odd male workers. Table 2 shows the bring up distribution in both the sectors. In the organised sector, women interpret 14.2%, whereas in the unorganised sector they constitute 30%.In terms of wages and earnings, there exists a substantial difference between the organised and the unorganised sectors. Table 3 shows the aggregate figures for the year 1981. Out of the total annual income of Rs.87,840 crores, the self-employed workers take in Rs.44,719 crores (50.9%,) while the wage and salary earners earned Rs.43,121 crores (49.1%). Within the wage earners category, the organised sector accounted for Rs.24,850 (28.3%) while the unorganised sector accounted for Rs.18,271 crores (20.8%). If we look at overall sector-wise figures by combining self-employed and the wage earners in the unorganised sector, we would get the broad picture of earnings in the unorganised sector in contrast to those in the organised sector. The unorganised sector accounts for 71.7 per c ent of the total earnings in comparison to 28.3 of the organised sector.The organised sector workers, even though account for only nine-tenth of the total workforce, earn more than one-fourth (one third accord to the latest figures) of the nations total wages and incomes. The figures of the average annual income per worker bring out the contrast between the sectors more sharply. While the organised sector worker earned Rs.10,851 per annum, the wage earner in the unorganised sector earned Rs.2,482 and the self-employed person earned Rs. 3,549. If we take the average of the unorganised sector as a whole, the figure would be some(prenominal) lower. These figures are for the year 1981, and the present figures in actual terms may be relatively higher.Issues and ConcernsThe primary concern regarding labour in the unorganised sector is that most of them live below the poverty line. Their access to the basic necessities of life such as food, clothing, shelter, education, health and other forms of social security is extremely poor. One of the major reasons for this is that they are not organised. They deprivation organisations which can effectively represent their issues and problems at the interior(a) level. The established trade unions in the country, including the left unions, have in all neglected this sector. This is reflected in the social station figures of the central trade union organisations. According to the latest verification of membership conducted by the central government in 1990, the membership of the top five unions is around 10 millions, which is nigh around 3 per cent of the total working population in the country. Even though this includes both the organised sector as well as the unorganised sector, the proportion of the latter is very insignificant.For example, according to 1980 figures, the INTUC, which at that time was the largest union, had only 15 unions in the agricultural sector with a membership of 25,931, which is somewhat more th an one per cent of its total membership of over 22 lakhs. Similarly, CITU hid only 14 unions with a membership of 2,212, which is less than one per cent of its total membership of over 3 lakhs. There are, of course, certain structural difficulties in organising workers in the unorganised sector. Unlike in. the organised sector, the existing conditions are not contributive to the functioning of trade unions. In the organised sector, that is, in large factories and other establishments, collectivebargaining institutions are well developed and trade unions are accepted as legitimate organisations representing workers. In other words, the elbow room of struggle for better wage and working conditions are institutionalised. This is however not the case with the unorganised sector. The future(a) are some of the problems at the very fundamental level in this sector.1. Employment regulationIn the unorganised sector the primary issue is regulation of employment. This is a very difficult ta sk for unions to achieve. The employment contract is unwritten and informal. Workers are at the mercy of the employer. Giving an appointment letter is unheard of in this sector. By making the very employment relationship informal, the employer covers himself out of the statutory obligations. Workers in order to make any legal claim have to first identified the employer and establish the employment relationship. Quite obscure from these legal problems, since workers depend on the employer who may be a contractor or a link or the principal employer himself, for their sustenance, they dare not take recourse to legal action. This problem is more cracking in the case of migrant workers, for instance, in the construction industry. Another means of bypassing a formal employment relationship adopted by trader-merchant-manufacturer is to utilise the home-based family labour.The so-called self employed workers in beedi, carpet, handloom, coir, hosiery and a host of other industries, come under this category. The trader-merchant-manufacturer or his middlemen provide the raw square to the home-based workers and collect the semi-finished or finished goods which they market themselves. The price that the workers get for their value-addition is very low and equivalent to wages, and their living conditions are no better than the wage labour. So, the self-employed who constitute nearly 56 per cent of the total workforce in the country are not really self-employed in the true sense.In the absence of a formal employment relationship the established trade unions, which are more used to functioning in the organised sector where all that they have to do is submit charter of demands and negotiate a sensible bargain for the workers, find it extremely difficult to fight for workers in the unorganised sector. Trade union work in the unorganised sector is much more demanding and relates to certain structural changes of very fundamentalnature which requires struggle at various leve ls. The means and strategies to be adopted for achieving these changes also differ very much with those that are adopted in the organised sector. The following are the three different levels at which the trade unions in the unorganised sector have to fight. Grass-root Level Labour Courts Political LevelAt the grass-root level, as mentioned earlier, it is very difficult to identify a single, consistent employer to deal with. As a deliberate dodging, contractors keep changing from time to time in order to avoid any legal binding. Also, at times, workers themselves fly the coop from one workplace to another. In certain cases such as domestic workers, unions have to deal with duplex employers who are not concentrated in one place but scattered all over. Given such a wide variation and the fluid state of employer-employee relationship, unions in this sector have to modernise innovative strategies to fight for the basic rights of their members. The second level of struggle is in the l abour courts. Since the employer-employee relationship in this sector is not institutionalised, the disputes invariably end up in litigation.For instance, in case of contract workers in the organised sector much of the trade union work involves fighting court cases, which demands not only determination on the part of the unions but also resources. This is one of the major reasons why the unions of the workers in the organised sector turn a blind eye to the plight of the contract and casual workers. The third and the most important level of struggle is at the political level for policy changes and enactment of protective legislation by the government. This requires the unions to have a wider support base coupled with political campaigns.2. Lack of trade union consciousnessIn this sector the very idea of trade union organisation is new. Due to their dangerous employment situation, workers are not always forthcoming to participate in the union activity. The unions have an extremely di fficult task of gaining the confidence of workers to begin with, and then convincing them -about the importance of dealing with their employers collectivelyrather than as individuals.3. Struggle for legitimacyIn the unorganised sector, the basic struggle of the trade unions is for legitimacy of their own existence and freedom to function as trade unions. They are confronted with hostile employers whose basic advantage in operating in the unorganised sector is its unregulated employment and availability of cheap labour. Since trade unions by their very nature fight for regulation of employment, better wages and social security measures, they strike it the very root of this advantage. This results in a bitter conflict in which very often the trade unions are at the receiving end. Given such hostility to any form of trade union activity in this sector, the union activists have to find various means of obtaining legitimacy.Where hostility is very high, the activists function only as a intended organisation. As the situation improves they start functioning both as a voluntary organisation as well as a trade union simultaneously. Since, by definition, these two types of organisations have different legal status the activists function as either, depending on the need and circumstance. much(prenominal) a strategy is essential in order to continue the organisational effort in a hostile environment.4. Issues tie in to development policyTrade unions in the unorganised sector are confronted with not merely employment and wage issues, but also are forced to raise certain fundamental issues related to developmental policy. This is so because, in various sectors, such as fisheries, forestry, agriculture, etc., the workers directly depend, on natural resources for their livelihood. Governments development policy has a direct bearing on their lives. For instance, the forest workers, who have for generations lived in forests and enjoyed certain customary rights over forest resources, are now confronted with modem developmental agencies such as state corporations which have drawn boundaries within the forest area depriving them of their traditional rights, and in many cases even displacing them. The local people depend on forests for fuel, fodder, and material to build their houses.The forest corporations which were created with the explicit purpose of directly taking up commercial activity related to forest resources, and thereby replacingthe middlemen who had been exploiting the forests, have, in reality, deprived the local peoples access to the forests. Another example is that of fish workers living near and around Chilika Lake located in Orissa on the eastern coast. Thousands of fish workers for generations hid depended on this lake for their livelihood. notwithstanding now, with government leasing out the lake to private entrepreneurs for developing prawn culture for export, these workers have been debarred from fishing in the lake. Such issues, related to the governmental policy can be taken up only at the national level, which means that there should be a national level organisation to represent the interests of the unprotected workers in the unorganised sector. Today, unfortunately, such an organisation does not exist.5. Lack of visibilityLastly, the workers in the unorganised sector lack visibility at the national level. In contrast to workers in the organised sector, their working conditions and problems hardly ever become subjects of national debate. This is best illustrates by the fact that the primary focus of the New Economic polity is the organised sector. The question of exit policy has generated a great deal of debate, and become a politically sensitive issue. It is a different matter whether the government is genuinely concerned about the retrenched workers in the organised sector. The point is, in the unorganised sector, which employs more than 90% of the total workforce in the country, redundancies and retre nchments are a daily affair. Ironically, this issue has never merited a debate or discussion either in the media or in the trade union establishments.SourceUnprotected Labour in India Issues and Concerns by Sarath Davala (ed.) Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 1994, pp1-13.