Governance Regulation and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Governance Regulation and Ethics - Essay Example The main conflict which is presented in the film is based on consumer protection, specifically in relation to the environment. This occurs first when the families file a claim about the company putting toxic waste into the environment, specifically which leads to leukemia and other health problems among the consumers. As the story line continues, the problems with health from the waste and lack of environmental concern continue to increase. The issues relate to several problems and questions of what the stand point should be with the company as well as what is required in terms of responsibility and obligation to potential consumers through the environmental concerns that are approached. The concept of relationships with consumers is the first problem which is related to the film. The consumers are unaware of the health problems and there is not disclosure of what is occurring with the environmental concerns or health, leaving each of the individuals susceptible to becoming ill. The right to know is followed by questions of moral responsibility, corporate obligation and the commercial context, all which are violated. The lack of morality is based on the known factors which attribute to the toxic waste and how this will affect those in the region. This is followed by corporate obligations that are not followed, specifically which are inclusive of corporate social responsibility which is ignored with the only focus on production and money that needs to be made within the environment. The commercial context follows this with the advertising of the company becoming negative as well as unfair consumer contracts based on misleading concepts of the rules and regulations being followed within the company (Nelson, 2005: 96). The concept of consumer protection within the business as well as other legalities relate to this impact the business and consumers in several ways with the expectations with the business. In any business, the marketing and advertising, as well as t he brand identity, is expected to have a specific perception and attitude about the company. The advertisements, which represent a positive identity with the consumers, are furthered with an understanding that the business acts in specific ways within society. When the context is broken, consumers, stakeholders and others believe that there is a violation of the relationship which has been created. Since this is communicated as a promise from the company, specifically in relation to the strategies and implementation within the company, it causes the relationships to not be protected and leads to false pretenses with the business. The corporate responsibility and consumer protection then intertwine with the understanding that the relationship is built on the corporation having the responsibility to care about the consumer (Werther, Chandler, 2011: 105). The concept of consumer protection and false advertising is followed by other barriers that are often created with consumer relation ships. This is related to the stakeholder agreements, investments and other negotiations that have taken places with businesses. Often, these lead to more profits as well as expectations which are taken. If the communication and relationships with others involved in the

The Influences of Cross Cultural Training Essay Example for Free

The Influences of Cross Cultural Training Essay The influences of cross cultural training on the organisation and staffs Cross-cultural efficiency is very fundamental in international organisations and even in domestic organizations that have suppliers, customers and partners in other countries. We need to firm understanding of it into everything we do, when working across cultures becomes our normal way of working. Therefore, cross cultural training becomes an important part of training employees because organisations want to push their performance to success. Furthermore, by cross cultural training such as leadership development for management across cultures, companies will become more competitive in the global business world. In addition, there are different programs to cover cross cultural training; each program will try to achieve a better understanding of client needs. Generally, Paige,1986 quoted in Bhawuk Brislin (2000) â€Å" defined cross-cultural orientation as training programs designed to prepare people to live and carry out specific assignments as well as those that is designed to prepare people to return to their home country after completing their assignment in another culture†. Nowadays important and big companies send their staffs to other countries to establish and manage their businesses, those staffs are usually chosen because of their skills but it sometimes these skills will be difficult to use in a new environment. So increase the possibility of success of those staffs to use their skills at the same level of their work in their country will be the priority of companies. Therefore cross cultural training is a significant importance to help to reduce the chance of failure in a new work environment. Bean (2006), gives useful information of this topic as in the Australian Context project over 60% of participants like to take more training because their knowledge improved about the culture, also 88% of participants want to be compulsory for all employees in positions of customers contact, and a survey of public sector show that in year 2000 to 2005 the cross cultural training was able to achieve its goals although the level of the training was low compared with the level of demand of increasing the training. So this study will exam the applying of the CCAC theory to cross cultural training, positives and negatives impacts of cross cultural training on both organisation and staffs. Initially, Tarique and Caligiuri (2009), stated that based on CCAC theory cross cultural training will be more effective in a country than pre departure because an employee will exercise what he has learned from training in own country in a country he will work in. Moreover, the theory takes about the sequencing of training activities, which is the activities of cross cultural training, should be over a suitable period to increase employees learning. Finally, CCAC provides guidance about the delivery of cross-cultural training when this guide is used the employees will be able to achieve a good understanding about the training. So based on the theory employees who has trained the cross cultural training will achieve a good improvement about the country culture, knowledge at work, and adjustment in the work and out the work. Secondary, the positive and negative impacts of cross cultural training on organisation and staffs. Firstly, a main goal of CCT is to improve more cosmopolitan directors who have more ability to understand cultural differences and who can apply this understanding in cross-cultural cases. This improvement requires more care to both the reactions and behaviours (Harrison, n.d.). The positive effects as Roysircar, Gard, Hubbell, and Ortega (2005) that described that in the process of self-reflection there was a good result of trainees in the improvement of multicultural organisations. The benefits of cross cultural training (1) decrease the strong of culture shock (2) help trainees to get a level of cultural proficiency faster (3) develop the effective of work (4) the general adjustment of trainees’ families will improve (5) improve the ability of employees to make relationships in work and out of work (6) develop communication, self-maintenance, and perceptual skills ( Eschbach, Parker, and Stoeberl 2001). Selmer (2006) found that big international firms could use cross cultural training to improve the level their global projects and to ensure their expatriates have skills required also they use it to ensure the success of their foreign assignment. Anderson’s (2001) showed that nearly all the expatriates in the private, public and non-government sectors said that their previous overseas experience had helped them to adjust to their new environments. Cultural awareness training use to strengthen the capacity of the team members to Adapt to conditions is unknown. It does not focus on specific geographic areas, but uses any area and clarification of adjustment challenges (Gudykunst et al, 1996). Brandl and Neyer (2009) analysed that goal of Cultural awareness training to change the members of teams behaviours toward information and alternative perspectives. Instead of seeing new information as a threat and refuse it, it teaches trainees to see new information as a chance to master unknown conditions. Brandl and Neyer (2009) also discussed that cultural awareness training improve team knowledge to know ways to deal with unknown situations. This is significantly important to manage uncertainty when working in a team in another environment . We say that CCT helps team members training in a more open approach with other members in global teams, too, it is more likely to be able to control errors that can not be avoided in the interpretation of others Messages and predict their behaviour (Gudykunst, 1998, p. 237). The CCT is so important because May rely on ready-made ​​concepts for others adversely affect the adaptation and experience is likely to lead to a climate of mistrust and exclusion team (Richards, 1996). Training in cultural awareness, When faced with team members how to Solutions for supporting and activating resourc es, they are more willing to explore unknown cases (Glanz et al, 2001). Moreover, cultural awareness training is the study of the main culture of the trainees and their impact on his / her attitude to enable the trainee to understand the differences of a cultural nature (Eschbach et al., 2001). CCT helps to increase managerial benefits in world operations such as cross-cultural discussions, increase the ability of making decisions, improve the relationship with customers, and other management prospects (Harris Moran, 1991). In hierarchical cultures, leaders are the ones who make decisions and staffs are implemented them without any rejection or modification of these decisions, while in cultures of equality, leaders and staffs work together to make decisions and do the implementation of the decision, so employees ,who do cross cultural training to understand these differences, should improve their cultural knowledge as a team early in the formation of the group to build confidence and decrease misunderstandings (Goodman, 2012). In British Petroleum Company a manager of employees mentioned that CCT assists BP Oil managers to create policies for national needs (Hagerty, 1993). CCT affects highly upon the trainees ability to make a positive relationship with the local employees, to achieve the aim of their global assignments (Ko Yang, 2011). Because the world is becoming smaller so CCT has become important for multinational companies to improve the knowledge of cultural difference and to succeed of their expatriates on global assignments, so CCT should lead to increase the performance of these companies (Caligiuri et al, 2001). CCT is important because distressed trainees are appropriate to have emotional support and encouragement to be given at this time (Grove and Tobin, 1985). Also Grove and Torbiorn (1985) proposed that cross-cultural training should try to changes in three psychological things, ‘applicability of behaviour, clarity of mental frame of reference, and level of mere adequacy’, Which leads to maintaining personal identity of the trainees while Change some of the values, behaviour, and ways of thinking patterns and behaviour to make them consistent with those prevailing in the new environment. There is a high demand for the CCT program at private and public firms to increase customer service performances, the fact that short training programs even lead to benefits and generate interest investments in CCT stronger and more focused on the work is likely to achieve greater returns for organizations measurable (Bean, 2006). Ashamalla (1998) argues that foreign language training has to be in CCT because knowing about the language of the host country is the main thing for success in living and working in that country. Rubin (1967) wrote that CCT may be an important technique to reduce of ethnic prejudice. Finally, CCT is concentrating on doing international assignment, and specific cultural issues (Shen and Darby 2006). On the other hand, the negative influences are Berrell, Wright and Hoa (1999), explained that the conflicts can be a significant problem as Australia managers, who worked in joint ventures with Vietnamese managers, wanted to control and manage the work on own way but Vietnamese managers wanted to work together with Australia managers to achieve the goals, also the view of Australia managers with the dealing with issues was open and enthusiastic which pushed Vietnamese managers to view this thing as a negative experience, but they try to solve any disagree problems while Australia mangers faced problems directly which created conflicts. Scullion and Collings (2006) wrote that the realisation of time and energy will be worthless if the cross cultural training programme fail to address key factors of effective performance in the host country. Cultural awareness training recognizes that cultural patterns are difficult tools and inconsistent (DiMaggio, 1997). Cross-cultural training may fail to make an important variation in cross-cultural adaptation and in performance on the global job results in transfer of training problem which is known as the trainee’s failure to apply the knowledge and skills gained in training to his/her work (Burke and Hutchins, 2007; Saks and Belcourt, 2006). The financial cost of trainees’ return to their countries, who fail to do the CCT successfully, is high; some studies put a cost from $50000 to $150000 which loss firms more money than the fact (Black Mendenhall, 1990). When managers, who do CCT, are unable to achieve high chances to their businesses because of they do not have enough cross-cultural skills, they prevent the firms from successfully achieve its strategic goals, also a shortage in management in cross cultural training programme may result a shortage of growth and success internationally (Harrison, n.d.). In summary, this study has sought to show CCAC theory, and its view about cross cultural training which it prefers the trainees do CCT before leaving their country to have an overview about the host country. Furthermore, it shows the positive and negative influences of CCT on both firms and staffs, for example, CCT will improve the performance of both global organisations and employees, communication skills, reducing cultural shock. Although it can create a conflict between staffs and financial cost can be more than needing but this study thinks the advantages of cross cultural training overcome the disadvantages. References: Anderson, B. (2001) Expatriate management: An Australian tri-sector comparative study. Thunderbird International Business Review 43, no. 1: 33–50. Ashamalla, M. (1998). International human resources management practice: The challenge of expatriation. Commercial Reviews, 8(2), 54-65. Bean,R. (2006) The Effectiveness of Cross-Cultural Training in the Australian Context. Research Report. Australia ,Commonwealth of Australia. Berrell, M., Wright, P., Hoa, T. (1999) The influence of culture on managerial behaviour. Journal of Management Development, Vol. 18 No. 7, 1999, pp. 578-589. Black, J. S, Mendenhall, M. (1990), cross-cultural training effectiveness: A review and a theoretical framework for future research. Academy of Management Review, 73(1), 113-136. Brandl, J., Neyer, A. (2009) APPLYING COGNITIVE ADJUSTMENT THEORY TO CROSS-CULTURAL TRAINING FOR GLOBAL VIRTUAL TEAMS. Human Resource Management, May–June 2009, Vol. 48, No. 3, Pp. 341– 353. Burke, L., and Hutchins, H. (2007), Training transfer: an integrative review. Human Resource Development Review, 6, 263–96. Caligiuri, P., Phillips, J., Lazarova, M., Tarique, I., Biirgi, P. (2001). The theory of met expectations applied to expatriate adjustment : the role of cross cultural training. Int. J. of Human Resource Management, 12 :3 May 2001 357-372. DiMaggio, P. (1997). Culture and cognition. American Review of Sociology, 23, 263–287. Eschbach, D., Parker, G., Stoeberl, P. (2001) American repatriate employees’ retrospective assessments of the effects of cross-cultural training on their adaptation to international assignments. Int. J. of Human Resource Management, 12:2 March 2001 270–287. Glanz, L., Williams, R., Hoeksema, L. (2001). Sensemaking in expatriation: A theoretical basis. Thunderbird International Business Review, 43(1), 101–119. Goodman, N. (2012). Your Brain on Culture. Learning Officer, 32-34. Grove, C.L. and Torbiorn, I. (1985) A New Conceptualization of Intercultural Adjustment and Goals of Training, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 9: 205–33. Gudykunst, W. B., Guzley, R., Hammer, M. R. (1996). Designing intercultural training. In D. Landis R. Bhagat (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (2nd ed., pp. 61–80). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Gudykunst, W. B. (1998). Applying anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM) theory to intercultural adjustment training. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22(2), 227–250. Hagerty, B. (1993). Trainers help expatriate employees build bridges to different cultures. Wall Street Journal (June 14), Bl. Harris, P. R., Moran, R. T. (1991). Managing Cultural Differences. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing. Harrison, J. (n.d.). Developing Successful Expatriate Managers: A Framework for the Structural Design and Strategic Alignment of Cross-Cultural Training Programs. HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING, 17(3), 17- 35. Ko, H., Yang, M. (2011). The Effects of Cross-Cultural Training on Expatriate Assignments. Intercultural Communication Studies XX: 1 (2011) Paige, R. M. (1986). Cross-cultural orientation: New conceptualizations and applications. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. Quoted in: Bhawuk, D., Brislin, R. (2000). CROSS-CULTURAL TRAINING A REVIEW. Delhi Business Review, Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan.2000 Rubin, I. (1967). The reduction of prejudice through laboratory training. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 3, 29-50. Richards, D. (1996). Strangers in a strange land: Expatriate paranoia and the dynamics of exclusion. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 7(2), 553–571. Roysircar, G., Gard, G., Hubbell, R., Ortega, M. (2005) Development of counseling trainees multicultural awareness through mentoring English as a second language students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 33, 17-36. Saks, A., and Belcourt, M. (2006). An investigation of training activities and transfer of training in organizations, Human Resource Management, 45, 629–48. Scullion, H., Collings, D. (2006) Global staffing [ Internet], Abingdon, Routledge. Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=w3LnFQhk_FICoi=fndpg=PA117dq=cross+cultural+trainingots=PO7QGtYn7hsig=KNU3g8vlJXgTMP7AnqRFuIMOzAA#v=onepageq=cross%20cultural%20trainingf=false [Accessed 13 October 2013]. Selmer, J. (2006) Munificence of Parent Corporate Contexts and Expatriate Cross-Cultural Training in China. Research Report. Denmark, Asia Pacific Business Review. Shen, J., and R. Darby. 2006. Training and management development in Chinese multinational enterprises. Employee Relations 28, no. 4: 342–58. Tarique, I., Caligiuri, P. (2009) The role of cross-cultural absorptive capacity in the effectiveness of in-country cross-cultural training. International Journal of Training and Development, 13:3, 148-164.

Essay --

KATA PENGANTAR Puji Syukur kami panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, Tuhan Yang Maha Pengasih lagi Maha Penyayang, karena atas Rahmat dan karunianya maka Pengabdian Masyarakat †Pelatihan Pembuatan Web bagi Kelompok Informasi Masyarakat† telah selesai dilaksanakan dan dapat berjalan dengan lancar sesuai dengan perencanaan. Diharapkan penyelenggaraan pelatihan tersebut dapat bermanfaat bagi seluruh peserta khususnya dan bagi masyarakat pada umumnya sehingga mampu meningkatkan ketrampilan pengelolaan di bidang Web Site. Laporan kegiatan ini sangat penting dibuat sebagai bukti pertanggungjawaban pelaksanaan kegiatan yang telah dilasanakan dan harus disampaikan kepada pim-pinan. Adapun tujuan dibuatnya laporan ini adalah sebagai berikut : 1. Sebagai dasar untuk pengembangan rencana selanjutnya. 2. Sebagai penentuan kebijakan atasan 3. Sebagai bukti laporan kegiatan yang telah di laksanakan 4. Untuk mengetahui proses dan perkembangan kegiatan yang dilaksanakan. Dalam laporan ini berikut kami sampaikan tentang : Dasar Penyelenggaraan, Tujuan Pelatihan, Pembiayaan , Kompetensi,Pelaksanaan, J...

Analytical Medea

As a mother, Made suffer d an ultimatum; she could leave her children behind and subject them to abuse fro m the enemies of her past, or she could relieve them of future agony by murdering t hem. Parents have a natural instinct to give children their best chance. Made chose e to murder her children in order to liberate them from pain. In Greece, men preferred this patriarchal ideal Of a silent and obedient wife, w ho stayed within the confines of the home.Great scholars such as Aristotle believe deed that â€Å"the male rules and the female is ruled†; his ideas spurred the general social p reactive in Greece. There was also a famous, old saying in Greece, where a man thanked God that he was not uncivilized, a slave or a woman. In Athens, men preferred their woo men to stay home because colonization with other men lead to the possibility infidelity y and this would affect the paternity of the child. According to Athenian law, if paternity could not be determined, then the child could not be a citizen.In this sense, Corinth WA s identical to Athens. If these harsh restrictions are placed on a Grecian woman, imagine the restrictions on a foreign woman, who would most likely be even more confine d and isolated. 2 Euripides depicts Made as noble, strong and classification, much stronger than her male counterparts. Made mourns Season's betrayal but at the end Of her soliloquy, she is proud to be a woman because men underestimate her, which h allows her to deceive them. Made is also very clever; she exploits her enemy's weak news.Manipulation, cleverness and independence are typical masculine qualities the at Made possessed. Through the interactive oral, was able to better understand that Media's revenge was catcalled by restrictions such as status, stereotypes and the misinterpretation of women in the ancient Greece. They combined to make a woman's life difficult at that time in history. Word count: 387 3 â€Å"Fifth elements in a person as well as in a socie ty or a state are balanced an d strong, one finds harmony and health, beauty and grace,† says Aching Cocker.This is contrary to the play, by Euripides, where the audience follows the protagonist, Made, as she challenges her role in a contemporary, patriarchal Greek society. Media's masculine characteristics outweigh her feminine traits, this I imbalance in her personality is caused by the lesser status she gains as a foreign women In an ancient Greek society. In relation to ordinary women and her male counterpane arts, Jason and King Croon, Made does not follow the path of all the other women in Co ring. This personality imbalance affects King Croon and Jason, who stray from the stand masculine characteristics.The author challenges these stereotypes, but in disc playing the consequences of defying one's stereotype, he reinforces them. The journal article â€Å"Diary of a Greek Housewife,† explores a regular day in a Grecian woman's life. When opening a discussion, the h usband â€Å"tells [his wife] she should not bother about the affairs of men† (Diary) and she â€Å"pretends to agree † because â€Å"she is too hungry to argue† (Diary). The â€Å"filibustered[news]† (Euripides 807) and â€Å"statehood† housewife stands for the feminine stereotypes that Made call e ones.While the housewife devotes her day to rearranging hair and freshening perfume Made dedicates her last day in Corinth to seek vengeance against the Corinth Han royals and Jason. By challenging her stereotype, Made takes the first step to wards her masculine self and tips the scales creating a personality imbalance which is the e result of a societal imbalance. Furthermore, in the poem, ‘Women† by Simonizes of A Argos, 4 the author interprets women according to different beasts, to explain a womb Nan's nature. Within the stereotype that women inferiority, there are superstores to expo lain different kinds of women.Simonizes uses each bea st to explain a type of woo man. When applying this logic to Made, her cleverness pertains to the fox that Se monodies describes because she exploits the Corinthian King's weakness, his daughter, I n order to take her revenge. In this sense, Made is the opposite of a weasel, she uses alluring quality to manipulate those around her. In addition, Media's masculine e side is seen battling her feminine side when she tries to convince herself to commit I infanticide. She says to herself, Oh, arm yourself in steel, my heart!Do not hang back do not think of them, How sweet they are, and how you are their mother. Just for This one short day be forgetful of your children, Afterward weep; (Euripides 12421248) This illustrates a shift where the personality imbalance is prominent. Media's need for vengeance outweighs her motherly instincts indicating that her masculinity ova retakes her femininity; at the cost of her children, who are the symbol of her mother odd and femininity. These two sides of Media's personality are like the sea who is twofer aced in Simonizes' poem.Made is schemes against her husband and the royal family y, this makes her a mix of ape and bee according to Simonizes because she was be like while aboard the Argon, when she aided Jason on many occasions. Still, she be comes more similar to an ape due to the horrors that Jason experiences while being the object 5 of Media's rage. Euripides' work disagrees with Simonizes' work because E riptides' Made is a combination of some qualities that Simonizes describes rather the n just one. By comparing regular women to Made, one can see that by challenging her stereotype, Made sacrifices her children for vengeance.Euripides also uses Jason to highlight Media's masculine character. Made takes control of her predicament. In comparison to men, women are not expel acted to retaliate against anyone. This is more often left to the men instead of women. Although Made cannot be a man, she discerns her ability to take r evenge like a man w loud in her position. Made defies the feminine stereotypes Of feebleness and passive TTY by taking control of her life. Similarly, to engage in combat is deemed a man's task k while the woman is expected to stay within the seclusion of the home.Made defied s this basic Greek norm when she says that she â€Å"would very much rather stand/ Three times in the front of battle than bear one child† (Euripides 250251 Moreover, manipulation n is the key to Media's revenge; she uses a blend of masculine and feminine qualities to exploit Jason. She cleverly, appeals to his arrogance in order to distract him while she takes her revenge. In their previous argument, Jason claims that his second wedding g Sis 48) and ‘Waives† (Euripides 549) move that he made in the in tersest of Made and their children.He also says that, â€Å"it would have been better far for men/ TO have got their children in some Other way, and women/ Not to have existed. ]† (Euri pides 573575). Made appeals to Season's reasoning and pretends to agree e with him. She says, â€Å"Why am I set against those who have planned wisely? ‘(Euripides sees 874). She admits to having a â€Å"great lack of sense† and that her â€Å"anger was foolish†. 6 most effective lie, â€Å"we women are what we are-?perhaps a little/ Worthless† (Euripides 89890) compromises Season's opinion because she gives the impression that J assn was right and she was not.This works to her advantage since Jason believes t hat the balance between husband and wife has been restored and he Jason suspects nothing of her plot to ruin him. In Media's soliloquy, she plans Season's ultimate suffers Eng because she will not submit to the rules of a patriarchal Greek society. Let no one think me a weak one, filibustered, A statehood, but rather just the opposite, One who can hurt my enemies and help my friends; For the lives Of such persons are most remembered. Euripides 80781 0) Men are the ones who generally strive to be remembered, which is why they t aka part in battle.By displaying such a trait in a woman, Euripides emphasizes the import once of following one's stereotype because of the consequences Made faces. Made is not the only character who defies the Greek norm; King Croon and Jason abandon their masculine qualities as well. In the plays beginning, King Croon approaches Made with an unshakeable resolve to send her into exile. Origin ally, he displays his masculinity by refusing to listen to any of Media's protests. This q laity ritually plummets when he tells Made he is â€Å"afraid that [Made] may injury e [his] daughter' (Euripides 283).Made appeals to the Kings love for his daughter a ND claims that she needs a day to find â€Å"support for [her] children† (Euripides 342) and as KS the king to â€Å"pity' them. Even though Croon â€Å"prefer[s] to earn [her] hatred now/ Than to be softhearted and afterward regret it' (Euripides 29 0291 ), he allows Made to re main in 7 Corinth for a day since he believes that she â€Å"can do none of the things [he] fee arts]† (Euripides 356). The Corinthian king enters Media's household as a man With a full aquiline character but leaves as a lesser man because Made manipulates him.Jason in hopes of advancing his station through marriage, provokes Media's a anger and fuels her revenge. To the audience, he presents himself as aloof especially w hen he tells Made, â€Å"in so far as you helped me, you did well enough. / But on this question of saving me, I can prove/ You have certainly got from me more than you gave† (Euripides 533535). He tries to defend his actions; â€Å"confident in his tongue's power to ad Ron evil† (Euripides 582), Jason uses irrelevant reasons such as living amongst the civilize deed, allowing Made fame and honor, in order to justify the kingdom and family s he gave up for him.Season's selfishness and whiny justifications of his acti ons, make him a weak and apathetic character. This figure is inconsistent to the previous image of a hero, illustrating that by straying from his stereotype and Jason pays the price, with a Grecian man's most precious treasure: his sons. Euripides affirms that an imbalance o masculinity and femininity within a person, reflects on their society, denying it s proper function. Is a powerful text, full of characters that defy their stereotype in society. Euripides uses the characters of as tools to reinforce stereotypes.The author applies masculinity to Made, this is seen in contrast to † Diary Of A creek Housewife† and â€Å"Women† by Simonizes, where Made abandons her feminine e side unlike the housewife and proves Simonizes wrong since she is a blend of dif e rent women rather than only one type. Because of Media's personality imbalance, 8 affects the behavior of Jason and King Croon, who become ruled by her insist dead of vice versa. Euripides gives Made a masculi ne side in order to prove his idea t hat challenging one's stereotype leads to dire consequences.

Gay Bashing

In 2008, 190 homosexuals were killed in Brazil, one every two days, known as a 55 percent increase on the previous year. The annual report on murders of homosexuals, according to the Grupo Gay da Bahia from Brazil, says that 64 percent of the victims were gay men, 32 percent were transvestites, and four percent were lesbians. This is absolutely astonishing. Even though homosexuals have chosen an alternative lifestyle, they still deserve to live a normal life without being victimized of physical harm for their choices.Homosexuality is not â€Å"normal† in biological terms. If it were normal, then everybody would be homosexual and that is self-evident. Homosexuals are actively striving to convince us that homosexuality is â€Å"normal,† but they confuse frequency and familiarity with normality. Today's world is more familiar with homosexuals, their reputation, their struggles, their status in the population, but that doesn't change the underlying biology: homosexuality is not â€Å"normal. We are all people. People who love, cry, eat and breathe just like everybody else does. If homosexuality is not â€Å"normal,† then what is it? Homosexuals, and heterosexual as well, argue that it is not a choice, but inherent to who they are. With certain qualifications for people of confused identify, it is acceptable to believe that homosexuality is rooted in biology, and that the individual doesn't choose it. The American researcher Dean Hamer published research that seemed to prove that homosexual orientation could be genetically transmitted to men on the x chromosome, which they get from their mothers† (Am I Gay? ). If it is rooted in biology, and is not normal, then therefore, homosexuality must be a genetic quirk, a genetic mutation that causes a person to have a sexual identity that is innately in contradiction with that person's physical self and with the natural instinct to pass one's genes to the next generation through procreation with a person of the opposite sex.If science proves homosexuality is innate, is there any basis to deny gays equal treatment — including the right to marry? But if scientists unravel the roots of sexual orientation, will it some day be possible to â€Å"fix† people who don't fit the norms or abort fetuses likely to be born gay? † (Doughton). In our culture, the victim of gay bashing is considered the sinner. That's why so often the crimes against homosexuals go unpunished until someone is found beaten, burned and tied to a fence post. There is a pat psychological answer–gays are threatening to us because of homosexual tendencies built into the human psyche, which frighten us and which we must put away from us†¦at any time, in any culture it seems to be convenient to have a group of people who can be demonized and excluded†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Stop Bashing Gay People). The verbal taunts and persecution of people because of their sexual orientation are so commonpla ce they set the stage for murderers who think it's no crime to hate gays and to act on that hate. â€Å"It is that instinctual fear of rape that drives much of homophobia.Straight men often instinctually see gay men as a threat, and they instictively fear that threat. It's a fear of a loss of control, of dominance, of status† (Bidstrup). As anybody can tell, the opportunity to be threatened, humiliated and to live in fear of being beaten to death is the only â€Å"right† our culture grants on homosexuals. If you listened to the opponents of laws designating gay bashing as a hate crime, you'd think there really was some fundamental difference between being a black man, who is beaten and dragged behind a truck, and being a gay man, who is beaten, his skull crushed, and left tied to a fence to die. Gay bashing also sends the message that whether a person is actually lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, or queer, if they are perceived by others as being so, a negative (a nd potentially violent) reaction may occur† (Matzner). The only real difference is the nickname the killers use to describe the victim. The one used for the black man is considered an obscenity so appallingly offensive, it can't be written, printed, or projected verbally. The one used for the gay man is a common expression. It's familiar in schools, comedy routines, the media, and on street corners all across America.There is the perception that homosexuals are a socially acceptable target. Therefore, when young people are asked, they will justify and defend targeting gay people as inferior. â€Å"Gaybashing is the most socially acceptable, and probably the most common, type of hate crime, especially among male teenagers and young adults† (Matzner). There's a belief nowadays that it's not so cool to assault racial minorities. It's not so cool to assault women, Blacks or Jews. But assaulting gays is actually something humorous to a lot of young people. It's probably the last socially acceptable group to assault.Part of it is related to the fact that discrimination against gays is still legalized and encoded. That sends a message to young people that, if gays don't have equal rights in employment, housing, child custody, the military, or marriage, then there's something wrong with them, and nobody's going to mind if we have some fun at their expense. According to statistics released by the FBI, hate crimes that are specifically committed in relation to the victims sexual orientation have risen over the past three years. There were 1,017 reported in 2005, 1,195 in 2006 and 1,265 in 2007.The FBI reported a 6 % increase in hate crimes against gay, lesbian and transgender people in 2008. A gay-bashing incident took place in Vancouver in March of this year. â€Å"He’s a faggot. He deserved it. I’m not a fag. The faggot touched me. He deserved it,† the accused said to a witness. Richard Dowrey, a 62-year old man was punched in the fac e at a pub and has left him clinging to life in the intensive care unit at a local hospital. The force of the punch threw him backgrounds, falling to the ground and hitting the back of his head. â€Å"Most commonly, respondents said that they were defending themselves against sexual predation† (Franklin).The man will live with permanent brain damage for the rest of his life. Unfortunately, this incident was humorous to someone. What if you were the man who had to live as a vegetable for the rest of your life? Nobody should think that there is not a possibility of this happening the other way around. It may not be as likely, but there is always that possibility of a homosexual physically harming a heterosexual just for being heterosexual. Gay bashing occurs even among children of very young ages, and in this instance, it was too late. 11 year-old Carl Joseph Walker-Hoover was found dead after he hanged himself earlier this week by tying an electrical cord around his neck that was fastened to a support beam in his home. The child had enduring day after day of taunting with anti-gay slurs at the school he attended† (Hipps). People don’t realize that they go too far with the unbearable taunting. Not only may it lead to physical harm, but it really affects people emotionally and to the point that they may inflict harm upon themselves because they have lost their self-esteem. Being homosexual may not be the norm, but they are human beings just like the rest of the world.They have feelings as well. Another example of a gay bashing tragedy: the heart-wrenching story of Brandon Teena, a young transsexual murdered in a hate crime, which took place in the 90’s. Brandon was born biologically a female, but lived as a male. Because of this, he was subsequently brutally beaten, raped and murdered. His life story and death was later portrayed in the Academy Award winning film, â€Å"Boys Don’t Cry. † This story was brought to life agai n for people to manifest the horrific actions that did and still do take place in our prejudice society.It is needed to have these stories known and fleshed out. It is unfortunate that our society lives in a country where hate crime legislation is not necessary, but it is. If a crime is committed because of a prevailing prejudice, that prejudice will only subside when we as a society are having an active conversation to bring the issues out into the open. The more they get shoved into the dark, the darker and more horrible they become. Acts and laws need to be passed in order to bring these issues to light in a way that the media cannot ignore.It would be the best way to both bring these crimes to justice and bring about cultural change in our society about a minority group. â€Å"The cost to society is enormous, not just to the gay person, but to his family, his acquaintances, his employers, and to society as a whole† (Bidstrup).Works Cited â€Å"Am I gay? Are you born gay? Can you stop being gay? † Bidstrup, Scott. â€Å"Homophobia: The Fear Behind The Hatred. †The Nature of Homophobia. 3 September 2000. Doughton, Sandi. â€Å"Born gay? How biology may driveorientation. † Seattle Times. 19 June 2005. Franklin, Karen. Why Do People Say Gay bash? † Assault onGay America. 1995-2008. Frayssinet, Fabiana. â€Å"RIGHTS-BRAZIL: Gay-Bashing Murders Up55 Percent. † IPS News on the Web. 22 April 2008. Hainsworth, Jeremy. â€Å"Community demands court treatgaybashing as a hate crime. † Where Queers Conspire. 26March 2009. Hipps, James. â€Å"11 Year Old Hangs Himself Over Gay Slurs. †Gay Agenda. 2008. 11 April 2009. Matzner, Andrew. â€Å"Gaybashing. † Social Sciences. 2004. 19August 2005. Schneider, Walter H. â€Å"Gay Violence Statistics. † Fathers ForLife. 1998-2008. 1 April 1998. â€Å"Stop Bashing Gay People. †

Free Essays on Dunnes Flea

The suitor in â€Å"The Flea† argues that his girlfriend should stop being a prude. She worries about and he attempts to convince her that her honor is not at stake. He asks his mistress to notice only â€Å"this flea.† The desperate lover is groping for a symbol of union with his damsel. He explains that the flea has bitten them both. He reasons that since their bloods have mixed inside the flea’s body, they have already be aggregated. In essence, the swelling of the insect with "one blood made of two" is a surrogate pregnancy of their marriage. Therefore, their fornication would not result in a novel loss of innocence or honor. Furthermore, the suitor uses his contrived metaphor of mixed bloods to employ guilt as a tactic for persuasion. He argues that if she would kill the flea, then she would be guilty of three sins. She would commit murder, because it is impossible for him to live on if faced with her sexual reluctance. Secondly, since her own blood is mixed with the flea’s, shedding the flea’s blood would be comparable to suicide. Thirdly, the flea is the institution in which their â€Å"wedding† took place. Therefore, it would be sacrilege to destroy it. However, the yearning lover’s analogy comes to bear contradictory meanings. One idea presented is that their sexual activity is of minute significance. Donne says†Mark but this flea, and mark in this, How little that which though deny’st me is.† He then writes about high crimes and grave sins. At first he is flippant; he belittles the significance of the relations they might have. He claims that if the same effects can be realized within the body of a tiny flea, then the act itself cannot be of tremendous importance. Then, after a theological examination, the shedding of the blood within the flea is compared to multiple murders. If the existence of a mix of their bloods represents an activity of minute significance, its unraveling should not be compared to mu... Free Essays on Dunne's Flea Free Essays on Dunne's Flea The suitor in â€Å"The Flea† argues that his girlfriend should stop being a prude. She worries about and he attempts to convince her that her honor is not at stake. He asks his mistress to notice only â€Å"this flea.† The desperate lover is groping for a symbol of union with his damsel. He explains that the flea has bitten them both. He reasons that since their bloods have mixed inside the flea’s body, they have already be aggregated. In essence, the swelling of the insect with "one blood made of two" is a surrogate pregnancy of their marriage. Therefore, their fornication would not result in a novel loss of innocence or honor. Furthermore, the suitor uses his contrived metaphor of mixed bloods to employ guilt as a tactic for persuasion. He argues that if she would kill the flea, then she would be guilty of three sins. She would commit murder, because it is impossible for him to live on if faced with her sexual reluctance. Secondly, since her own blood is mixed with the flea’s, shedding the flea’s blood would be comparable to suicide. Thirdly, the flea is the institution in which their â€Å"wedding† took place. Therefore, it would be sacrilege to destroy it. However, the yearning lover’s analogy comes to bear contradictory meanings. One idea presented is that their sexual activity is of minute significance. Donne says†Mark but this flea, and mark in this, How little that which though deny’st me is.† He then writes about high crimes and grave sins. At first he is flippant; he belittles the significance of the relations they might have. He claims that if the same effects can be realized within the body of a tiny flea, then the act itself cannot be of tremendous importance. Then, after a theological examination, the shedding of the blood within the flea is compared to multiple murders. If the existence of a mix of their bloods represents an activity of minute significance, its unraveling should not be compared to mu...

buy custom Cyber Crime essay

buy custom Cyber Crime essay Cyber crime, sometimes known as electronic crime, involves use of computer networks to develop special software that make it possible for one to steal identities, data or credit card numbers for use in criminal activities. A cyber criminal uses the information acquired in this way for his own advantage. For instance, he may use credit card information to pay for goods and services or even open other accounts. After benefiting from this crime, the criminal abandons all the accounts, leaving the account owner with the burden of paying huge debts. Cyber criminals, upon getting important information from internet users, often use blackmail to benefit from their acts. Victims of the crime are forced to pay huge sums of money to the criminals in order to prevent them from releasing sensitive or embarrassing information on the internet. In order to hide their identity, these criminals may instruct the victim to pay the money through an untraceable money transfer system thereby making complete use of technology to succeed in their criminal activities. Illegal access to classified information of companies, organizations and institutions is also classified as cyber crime. Some people use a companys financial information to make unauthorized purchases using this data. Additionally, the criminal may choose to withdraw funds from the companys account before transferring them into many accounts that are difficult to trace. Sometimes, cyber criminals are not interested in stealing money from the company; all they want is to obtain proprietary information of a client and then sell it to different competitors. In order to deal with cyber crime, different countries have independently passed legislation that defines all the yber activities that should be regarded as cyber crime. However, due to the international nature of information technology, notes Britz, there is need for all countries to come together and pass an international cyber crime treaty (25). Obtaining authoritative statistics on cyber crime is not as easy as it seems. Just like in all other criminal activities, many cases of cyber crime are not reported. It therefore becomes very hard for authorities to compile a comprehensive electronic crime report that gives a hint on trends within a certain period. However, many countries around the world have been trying to engage each other in compiling all incidences of cyber crime that are reported. In the U. S. the FBI documents cyber crime activities in order to investigate fraud, embezzlement, identity theft and terrorist activities. Cyber crime may manifest itself in the traditional form, whereby computers as well as networks are the main tools of perpetuating an illegal activity. Additionally, the existence of a network may constitute a cyber crime if the network contains evidence of activities relating to traditional cyber crime. Spamming and certain copyright crimes are some of the ways through which electronic or information crime manifests itself. Unauthorized access, sometimes referred to cracking, hacking or computer trespass, is perhaps the most typical manifestation of cyber crime. In more complicated terms, some criminals create malicious codes, also known as malware in order to attack critical infrastructure such as industrial control systems and telecommunications networks. Vulnerability caused by cyber crime both at the national and international level is a cause of concern all over the world today. In the contextt of international security, Nykodym observes that hackers may engage in activities that influence the course of important decisions that affect matters of policy (412). Other challenges posed include information warfare and traditional espionage on the information technology platform. Cyber crime has become a global problem due to the global reach of internet-based networks. The main challenge to the fight against this crime is the relative anonymity that internet users can maintain in the cyberspace. It is rather difficult to relate online entities with real people in the physical world unless one is found accessing a network suspected to be perpetuating cyber crimes. Presence of many third parties on the cyberspace provides cyber criminals with new opportunities for engaging criminal activities. The third parties may be telecommunication providers, internet service providers and even the victims themselves. These third parties maintain complete control of the communication infrastructure that the criminals use to perpetuate illegal activities. For this reason, unless the third parties allow investigators to access them and understand their mode of operation, the criminals may easily get away with their crimes. Cyber crimes may also take the form of cyber attacks. These crimes might be motivated by individuals, organizations or even nation states. The motive may be monetary gain, political interests, and ill-will or sheer curiosity. These attacks often involve destruction or theft of crucial information, disruption of a government services or business. These cyber crimes may be perpetuated simultaneously with physical damage and vandalism on communication infrastructure, making immediate response efforts very challenging and unproductive. Buy custom Cyber Crime essay

Want the Hard Truth Soft Skills Can Make or Break Your Job Search

Want the Hard Truth Soft Skills Can Make or Break Your Job Search Workers in tech-centric roles are right to be proud of the technical skills they’ve acquired over the course of their educations and careers. These skills are hard won and are imperative to their success in their chosen fields. However, a recent study suggests that recruiters today have a soft spot for soft skills, regardless of the role they are looking to fill. Even in careers where soft skills haven’t historically held a ton of weight – such as software development and accounting, for example – employers are now looking for candidates who are the whole package. In other words, it’s critical today that workers, even ones in highly technical jobs, demonstrate that they also possess soft skills.To start, let’s define what a tech-centric job is exactly. According to LiveCareer’s recently released 2018 Skills Gap Report, researchers defined tech-centric jobs as those jobs for which some form of higher education is required to perform the role. These jobs typically rely heavily on a bevy of hard skills – or skills that can be learned and measured.(This contrasts with soft-centric occupations, which are defined as roles that don’t require formal training or higher education. These roles include bartenders, customer service representatives, and sales associates, among others.)To better understand the skills that employers want – and to compare those skills to the ones that jobseekers are listing on their resumes – the study took a â€Å"big data† approach to analyzing thousands of resumes and job ads across 12 different occupations. The question the study sought to answer is this one: is the skills gap is real, or are jobseekers just underreporting their skill sets in resumes?Jobseekers in tech-centric occupations should analyze the study’s most arresting findings on soft skills to increase the likelihood of success in the job market. Some key finding to consider include:The s tudy found that – across the board – employers increasingly value customer service and communications skills. In fact, job ads in 11 of the 12 occupational types list customer service as among the most desirable skills.This means that even in jobs where customer service isn’t traditionally a requirement – such as accountants, teachers, and registered nurses – employers expect jobseekers to make those skills a focus today.Communication skills appear in job ads for 12 of the 12 occupation types that the study focused on, meaning all jobseekers should place an emphasis on this soft skill in their resumes.Tech-centric employers demand largely the same soft skills as customer-facing employers. In fact, three of the top five required soft skills in both occupational categories are the same.Jobseekers in all professions are listing far too few skills on their resumes, overall. Individual job ads, on average, contain 21.8 skills. Resumes, on average, conta in only 13 skills.It’s not surprising that tech-centric workers aren’t emphasizing soft skills since job ads for these professions are asking for 4.25x more hard skills than soft skills. However, the report also found that since employers increasingly value customer service and communications skills in candidates, jobseekers who neglect to thoroughly list soft skills on their resumes may be doing themselves a disservice.The takeaway for jobseekers in tech-centric occupations: shine a light on those intangible but increasingly important soft skills on your resume; they matter just as much as your hard skills. In fact, jobseekers who can clearly communicate their soft skills to potential employers – both in their resumes and in job interviews – will have an advantage over those candidates who cannot.Experts agree that the best way to accomplish this goal is for jobseekers to concentrate on learning how to write a resume in such a way that it mimics the lang uage of a job ad. This ensures that they are including all the most valuable skills cited in the job post, and it will also help get their resumes past an applicant tracking system (ATS), which many employers use today to screen out unqualified candidates.Wording is of key importance, because most ATSs don’t understand nuance in language, which means you must echo the language the ads use precisely in resumes. Fail to do so and you risk being eliminated from the running, even as a qualified candidate. How precisely do you need to match the wording? Exactly. If a job ad asks for â€Å"solid verbal communication skills,† and you list writing â€Å"solid oral communication skills,† you could be knocked out of the running!Jobseekers can find additional learnings, plus a PDF download of the report, via the 2018 Skills Gap Report link at the beginning of the article.LiveCareer bio:Need more guidance on how to incorporate soft skills into your resume? Peruse LiveCareer ’s free resume examples, and see how other successful professionals have expressed those skills in their resumes. All examples are arranged by industry and job title. And if you need help building a resume from the ground up, try our free, easy-to-use Resume Builder.

Men in Black; I, Robot; After Earth Movie Review

Men in Black; I, Robot; After Earth - Movie Review Example This research will begin with the movie review of Men in Black. It is an American movie released in the year 1997 and is based on science fiction. This action comedy movie is directed by Barry Sonnenfeld with actors including Will Smith, Tommy Lee Jones, Rip Torn and Linda Florentino. The plot of the movie has been adapted from a comic book series with the same name. The story revolves around two men, also known as men in black, who are representatives of a non-government agency. They observe the activities and movements of some extraterrestrial beings who are residing on this earth by hiding their identity from regular human beings. The major focus of this agency’s men is to observe the movements of 1,500 alien figures who roam in and around New York City. Since it is a covert operation, therefore the MIB base their operations underground at a Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority  ventilation station in  Battery Park, New York City. In case any humans accidentally witne ss these aliens, then it becomes the responsibility of the agency to use neuralyzers to clean their memory. During one night when Agent K and Agent D were doing their usual surveillance duty, they seized a truck filled with illegal immigrants along with an alien who was disguised as a normal human being. When Agent K attempted to chase him down, he was forced to kill the alien as the latter tried to attack a border patrol officer. Soon after this, Agent D realized he was becoming too old for the job and hence requested Agent K to use neuralyzer on him, which is a precondition for every agent who is about to retire from the agency. The leader of the agency then asked Agent K to find a new partner. In another event, James Edwards who was an officer in the New York Police Department and was extremely active and energetic was chasing a criminal on foot. As the chase took place on rooftops, Edwards soon realized that the fugitive’s irises blink vertically by which he concluded tha t the man was not a normal human being. Soon after this, Agent K uses neuralyzer on Edwards after extracting all information from him about the alien. Agent K then gives him an agency card. Edwards then reaches the secret organization and excels in all tests to qualify himself as a MIB. His original identity is then erased before recruiting him as Agent J. When they embark on investigating the reason behind the aliens leaving the earth all of a sudden, they find out that a farmer named Edgar has been killed and his skin has been used by a Bug who is a type of species of cockroach.

Management - Class Reflection Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management - Class Reflection - Research Paper Example The last and the most important area is the way to write a flawless dissertation in a cohesive way. The Course Content and Outcome This course has provided me in depth knowledge into the various aspects of research process, and also various forms of research. Evidently, the course gives adequate knowledge about the various aspects of research according to American Psychological Association. It also teaches how to do literature review, various aspects of grammar, and also how to develop a good dissertation. The very first thing I learnt is the use of action research. Contrary to my view that research is something different from doing things practically, the course made me learn how it is possible to ‘learn while doing’ through action research. Also, for the first time, I realized that action research is different from other forms of research in the fact that it turns the people involved into active researchers too. Te researchers do things, observe changes, make modificat ions, and try again until a solution is reached. As Greenwood (1999, pp. 85-87) points out, the research takes place in real life situations and the solutions too come out in real life situations; not in just theory as it often happens with other forms of research. Also, I gained the idea how important it is to have the principles of reflexive critique. As Mike (2007) states, the term ‘reflexive critique’ means to reflect on issues and processes and to make explicit the interpretations, biases, assumptions, and concerns upon which judgments are reached. This is important to do because truth is relative to the teller. This helps developing theoretical considerations from practical accounts. In addition are the factors like dialectical critique and collaborative resources. Thus, I learnt the fact that action research is very useful in such real life situations like a workplace to solve real life problems. As Rehm and Cebula (1996, pp. 1-3) point out, another vital point i s the use of the Search Conference tool which can be effectively utilized in various organizations. Two other research areas explained are qualitative research and quantitative research. Sukamolson (n.d) opines that while qualitative research is about counting and measuring things, producing averages and differences in numbers. Qualitative research stems from social science and hence, is more concerned about people’s knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, and fears. In addition, the course made me understand how qualitative research is more useful in identifying a large number of hidden attitudes and values that will be missed in qualitative research. For example, while quantitative research will help in identifying a trend, qualitative research will be required to find the reason behind that trend (QSR International, 2011). In addition, the study gave an insight into various forms of data collection in qualitative research. They are focus groups, direct observation, and i n depth interviews. Some other methods used in qualitative research are diary methods, role play, simulations, and case studies. Also the course helped me understand how difficult it is to conduct an extensive qualitative research as it is more labor intensive than other forms of research. Some other problems as connected to qualitative research are lack of generalizability, possibility of research bias influencing the observation, and poor reproducibility of the

How New Materials Lead to New Thinking-Emphasis on Le Corbusier and Essay

How New Materials Lead to New Thinking-Emphasis on Le Corbusier and the Villa Savoye - Essay Example They took up all shapes and forms, before this remarkable idea, buildings were known to be rectangular or evenly in shape. With this idea, buildings took up all shapes, human body shape, pyramid shape and other shapes that are unique and equally amazing. How the relationship between the structure of a building and its enclosure has changed There was the idea of encircling a striking building in a highly elevated hedged concrete wall. This idea was killing the whole purpose of putting up such a magnificent building. With the new idea, such buildings do not necessary need to be enclosed, they can be built in an open piece of land, and one can see such a building on his or her way. In buildings, there are some objects like the ladder that are considered to be indispensable and useful for apartments and story buildings, when one gets to the details of a building such items can add to the adornment of a building. A wooden ladder on a building is just a ladder and serves the functional pur pose, but placing a silver ladder on a building adds to its facet and style. As much as the ladder will be functional, it will be an ornament of beauty to the building. With the use of new materials in building, it is so clear that, buildings are changing. Retrievedfrom:http://www.architecturalreview.com/Pictures/web/b/g/p/Fallet_Sectionpd_380.jpg There is the idea of a curtain wall; this is where instead of putting up so many unnecessary walls glasses are used to separate buildings. These glasses are functional because they enable light to transfer consistently inside a room. When viewing such a building from a distance one cannot help but feel nostalgic, especially if the building has numerous floors. Such a building can be enclosed between plantations, and as one views it, it looks more like a depiction than real. Some buildings are built using precast concrete; this type of concrete is advanced because it does not require painting after the building work is complete. They are a beauty on their own and tend to look outstanding when used on large walls like a school wall. The idea of a rooftop was always perceived to be a protruding head of a building, but this has since changed. Most buildings do not have such roofs they have roofs that act as playing grounds for kids or open space for adults to sit and relax. The roofs of such houses can be built using concrete beams and columns instead of iron sheets and wood. Before these immaculate building ideas, buildings were built to be buildings, but with the evolving ideas, they have become a form of art because they take up any shape (Le, Corbusier, and Corbusier Le 2008). The idea of building car garages also changed, instead of putting up boring concrete buildings on the side of the house to act as a garage, tunnels or the basement can be used. This idea elucidates that, instead of going around the house in order for one to park his or her car, one can go straight ahead under the house and park the car. Such bu ildings can have an entry and an exit, instead of coming around after dropping someone to exit the building, the person driving the car can go straight ahead to the exit. This prevents back tracking and straining on the person driving. When it comes to adding features inside a

Construction Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Construction Law - Case Study Example Partnering 1 means a relationship of open communication and close cooperation that involves both Government and Contractor personnel working together for the purpose of establishing a mutually beneficial, proactive, cooperative environment, alliances to contractual partnerships within which to achieve contract objectives and resolve issues and implementing actions as required. Partnering, as I define it, is the process of two or more entities coming together for the purpose of creating synergistic solutions to their mutual challenges. The Construction industry including both private and public sector clients, main contractors, consultants and specialists. The collective spend of the client members runs into billions of pounds and it constitutes the most influential pan-industry body in the construction industry. The building of a Partnering relationship is not straightforward and it is essential that sufficient time and resource is allocated in order to achieve the desired result. Effective relationships are the bedrock of Partnering and the Project culture needs to be one of full openness, honesty and trust in all dealings between the parties. .. The contract has been drafted as a purchase Order with separate Collaborate Construction terms. The former is only six pages long with additional appendices and is completed to fit the requirements of the particular project. In order to achieve a successful Partnering relationship all parties need to adopt a far greater degree of collaboration than would be found in conventional contracting. Partnering requires commitment throughout the business units and its suppliers and is not an easy option. Proactive attitudes and contributions will be required on Partnering from Project Initiation in order to obtain improved performance and shared benefits. The collaboration construction terms comprise some 18 pages and should not change, although some of the provisions may not apply, depending upon how the purchase Order has been completed. The contract is unique in that it can be used for the appointment of both consultants and contractors as a subcontract for appointment of sub consultants or subcontractors. There are already a growing body of evidence that lawyers are providing a different role from that of traditional 'legal technicians' and 'dispute adviser' in favour of movements towards 'assisting the delivery of successful projects'. Lawyers can genuinely 'add value' by explaining how a collaborative relationship can work within a supportive contraction framework. One simple step forward is for lawyers to at least explain the proposed form of construction contract (be it a partnering contract or otherwise) to the project team who will work under or in conjection with it. It is assumed that all parties fully understand what their legal obligations are and how their contract is indented to fit in with

Does Robert Bruce deserve to be remembered as a great Scottish king Essay

Does Robert Bruce deserve to be remembered as a great Scottish king - Essay Example The reality is that Scotland was in need of the cunningness and patience of Robert Bruce rather than the William Wallace’s impetuousness, particularly during the encounters with enemies like the English under the command of Edward I and then Edward II. Robert Bruce approached the matter strategically and bided his time, so he established himself as the King of Scotland first, so that he would be ready by the time of Bannockburn. Two years before Robert Bruce was born in 1274, Edward Plantagenet had been made England’s King Edward I. Edward Plantagenet was titled as â€Å"The Hammer of the Scots† because of his ruthlessness, which helped bring forth Robert Bruce’s greatness. Robert Bruce got an astonishing victory in the year 1314 at Bannockburn while fighting with Edward II who had much better-equipped and larger forces. This victory earned Scotland independence from the control of the English. As his power dawned upon the people, the parliament declared h im the King. A brief history The struggle to achieve control over Scotland commenced with the death of Alexander III in the year 1286. Alexander III left Margaret, his grandchild as the heir who was the King of Norway’s infant daughter. ... Norwegian princess passed away on her way to Scotland, thus exposing the succession to a number of claimants, the most prominent of whom were Robert Bruce and John Balliol. â€Å"King Edward, while reserving his own rights as one of the competitors, promised the rest that within two months of awarding the Crown he would restore kingdom and castles to the rightful king, and that in future on the death of a king he would demand nothing but homage and the rights incidental to it† (Barrow, 2005, p. 44). Robert Bruce never gave up What really makes Robert Bruce the greatest hero of Scotland is that fact that he never lost hope or gave up despite all the challenges and difficulties that came his way (Bartell and William, 2006, p. 103). It was on 27 March 1306, when Robert Bruce declared himself to be the Scots’ King. As could be predicted, Edward sent a huge army toward north for the Battle of Methven and happened to defeat Robert Bruce. Edward executed many supporters of Rob ert Bruce and made him a hunted outlaw from the Scottish king. The indefatigable king of Scotland had bided his time. For a whole year, he was demoralized while the terror of the English spread far and wide in Scotland. In this period, two brothers of Robert Bruce were assassinated. Robert Bruce finally resolved to show up. â€Å"When, looking up with wistful eye, The Bruce beheld a spider try His filmy thread to fling From beam to beam of that rude cot-- And well the insect's toilsome lot Taught Scotland's future king.† (Barton cited in Poetry-Archive.com, 2003). With the support of Sir James Douglas, Robert Bruce’s chief lieutenant, he gained his first victory in 1307 on Palm Sunday. The call was answered by the clans from all over Scotland and the forces of Robert Bruce accumulated to fight the

Construction Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Construction Law - Case Study Example Partnering 1 means a relationship of open communication and close cooperation that involves both Government and Contractor personnel working together for the purpose of establishing a mutually beneficial, proactive, cooperative environment, alliances to contractual partnerships within which to achieve contract objectives and resolve issues and implementing actions as required. Partnering, as I define it, is the process of two or more entities coming together for the purpose of creating synergistic solutions to their mutual challenges. The Construction industry including both private and public sector clients, main contractors, consultants and specialists. The collective spend of the client members runs into billions of pounds and it constitutes the most influential pan-industry body in the construction industry. The building of a Partnering relationship is not straightforward and it is essential that sufficient time and resource is allocated in order to achieve the desired result. Effective relationships are the bedrock of Partnering and the Project culture needs to be one of full openness, honesty and trust in all dealings between the parties. .. The contract has been drafted as a purchase Order with separate Collaborate Construction terms. The former is only six pages long with additional appendices and is completed to fit the requirements of the particular project. In order to achieve a successful Partnering relationship all parties need to adopt a far greater degree of collaboration than would be found in conventional contracting. Partnering requires commitment throughout the business units and its suppliers and is not an easy option. Proactive attitudes and contributions will be required on Partnering from Project Initiation in order to obtain improved performance and shared benefits. The collaboration construction terms comprise some 18 pages and should not change, although some of the provisions may not apply, depending upon how the purchase Order has been completed. The contract is unique in that it can be used for the appointment of both consultants and contractors as a subcontract for appointment of sub consultants or subcontractors. There are already a growing body of evidence that lawyers are providing a different role from that of traditional 'legal technicians' and 'dispute adviser' in favour of movements towards 'assisting the delivery of successful projects'. Lawyers can genuinely 'add value' by explaining how a collaborative relationship can work within a supportive contraction framework. One simple step forward is for lawyers to at least explain the proposed form of construction contract (be it a partnering contract or otherwise) to the project team who will work under or in conjection with it. It is assumed that all parties fully understand what their legal obligations are and how their contract is indented to fit in with

Personal Intellectual Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Intellectual Development - Essay Example His standards are ever high, and his expectations have zero tolerance for excuses. His firm stance on quality in every aspect of life has always served as a driving force in my intellectual development. From how he monitored my initial stages of academic development to how he came up with a period that would guard my personal studies, I just established a firm foundation that would bear intellectual fruits. His firsthand involvement at home came with assistance in dealing with homework, research and other forms of personal studies. Nothing works magic as a dad who has time for his children. Every night was a thorough review of work covered during the day. A timely response to my requests would have me a step ahead of my peers. He would work hard at daytime to meet my every kind of needs, meet financial requirements to keep me in one of the best schools in our state. Attending our activities day came with a through inquiry of what I was doing at school. My performance came with reward s from him, motivation, encouragement, and sometimes a slap on my whole face. Sometimes I think about all these with my head down and put on a big smile seeing the man he made me. Having had me in the school environment presented an open opportunity to find reads that would transform my academic approach. While dad was pulling strings at home, Alain de Botton’s The Consolation of Philosophy was a source of inspiration for school. This read provided wisdom basics that have always been a pillar to lean on. Botton’s assumes a tone of consolation as he helps the readers figure solutions to their everyday problems. I borrowed a great deal from Botton’s perspectives as he cites the likes of Socrates and Epicurus philosophy (Botton). Botton taught me that as much as life has challenges, what matters is an attitude that helps you sort through the problem.

Personal Theory Paper Essay Example for Free

Personal Theory Paper Essay Abstract This paper is the development of my personal theory on Christian Counseling. I use many scriptural references to support my beliefs and stress the importance of gaining wisdom and knowledge from the bible. It incorporates all of the presentations, readings, and critiques I did at Liberty University’s Theology and Spirituality in counseling course. I talk about how I integrate Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality into my Christian counseling and believe that they all have a lot to offer the Christian counselor. The role of integration and multitasking is necessary to be an effective Christian counselor under the guidelines of the American Association of Christian Counselors. The methods and skills of a beneficial Christian counselor is to recognize their limits and boundaries, continue education, fellowship, and present themselves in a Christ-like manner. Introduction This paper takes a look at numerous Christian authors and how their theories of counseling have influenced and helped me develop my own theory of counseling. Through multitasking any counselor can view a situation through many different perspectives. It is not one method that will bring about healing in a person, but an integration of numerous methods and theories. A close look at understanding human personality, where problems are developed, how to source problems and structure effective intervention, and looking at how my worldview influences my theory, outlines in detail the construction of my comprehensive counseling theory. What is Important for Understanding Human Personality? Personality As a counselor it is important to understand the development of a client’s personality and Dr. Hawkins (2006) presents a model of human personality through his concentric circles. God is in the center, then the Soul, Body, Temporal Systems, and on the outside Supernatural. When one system is not functioning properly other systems begin to be affected. Everyone was created in the image and likeness of God (Genesis 1:27). Christians are to strive to become Christ-like and this does not happen without discipline. Motivation The theories of Adam’s (1986) are based on 2 Timothy 3:16-17 which says, â€Å"All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness, so that the man of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work.† Adam’s counseling relies on the Holy Spirit to convict the person to want to change after hearing the truth of the Word of God. He discredits psychology and believes that God is the only one needed to motivate a person to change. This is one of the more extreme theories and is correct in that God needs to be the main source one taps into. God, throughout the bible, used many different ways to motivate His people to change. One way was through a donkey that spoke to Balaam after he struck him three times for not moving (Numbers 22). â€Å"The angel of the LORD asked him, Why have you beaten your donkey these three times? I have come here to oppose you because your path is a reckless one before me. (Numbers 22:32 New International Version). There are many ways that God will use to motivate change. Dr. Wilson (2001), Backus, and Chapian (2000) take a different approach with one’s past hurts and his or her interpretation of them being what motivates them. When one is hurt by others they are more likely to continue the cycle of hurt. Romans 12:17 says, â€Å"Do not repay anyone evil for evil. Be careful to do what is right in the eyes of everyone (NIV).† Wilson did not want the person to minimize the wrong that has been done to them, but give it over to God and allow God to heal their wounds. Backus and Chapian feel that if one can change his or her thinking then they can change his or her future behaviors. They all agree that one’s past can either hinder them or push them forward to being motivated to change. Crabb (1986) believes growth and change are an ever changing process for both the counselor and the counselee. He feels that one is suffering from â€Å"unreachable goals, external circumstances and fear of failure† (p.  76). He takes the approach that the church can develop programs that can help those who want to change. The three general levels of counseling that Crabb presents are â€Å"Level I-Counseling By Encouragement, Level II- Counseling By Exhortation and Level III-Counseling By Enlightenment† (p. 190). The person acting as the counselor needs to build a relationship with the person for any level of his methods to really be effective. The relationship helps one to be motivated to open up and want to change. The process and ways to counsel are always changing. Knowing different theories, how to use them, and when to use them is what makes an effective counselor. Human Development Human development is an ongoing process of not just, Hawkins concentric circle known as, the body, but the soul. His Temporal Systems circle that includes family, friends, church, society, government, economy, and education are what help shape and develop these areas of one’s life. During this process of human development painful things happen and if not dealt with can cause damaging results later. The title of Wilson’s book, Hurt People Hurt People, is a perfect description of what can happen. Wilson, knowing change is not easy, said it best when she said, â€Å"We must enter the change process with open eyes. When we do, we’ll see that the necessary truth requires tears, time and even some terror† (p. 96). God reminds us in Philippians 4:13 that we â€Å"can do everything through Him who gives me strength.† The process of human development is not an easy or painless one, but in the end we become more like Christ, which is the ultimate goal. Individual Development The counseling process is not about one method working for every person, but each person being an individual with specific plans for change. This is why it is important to find out the clients culture, beliefs, and lifestyle experiences that have shaped them to this point. Western culture emphasizes individuality and coming into one’s own person, but not all cultures encourage this. This is why it is important to allow the client to be the educator during the assessment process. When forming a specific strategy for transformation counselors integrate his or her education and the knowledge they gained from the individual client, which then generates a platform for  discipline. One of these disciplines is learning boundaries, according to Cloud and Townsend (1999). Hebrews 12:11 says, â€Å"No discipline seems pleasant at the time, but painful. Later on, however, it produces a harvest of righteousness and peace for those who have been trained by it.† This is why Cloud and Townsend go on to say, â€Å"The painful discipline of boundaries will eventually bear good results in our lives† (p. 203). One does not change and become a whole individual overnight, but with hard work, discipline, and willingness to go through the process it can eventually happen. Where Problems are Developed Conceptualizing Health and Wellness A person needs to look past the â€Å"why† and focus on the healing. God understands that unpleasant things happen, but does not want one to dwell on the evil, because it can create even additional sickness. In creating complete physical and spiritual wholeness scripture, positive fellowship, and prayer are vital. Anderson (2006) recognizes how the different Temporal Systems, Hawkins presented, can negatively impact a person’s behavior. This then can manifest destructively into our physical bodies. One again overcomes this by binding it in the supernatural and allowing God to heal them from the inside out. God says, â€Å"He heals the brokenhearted and binds up their wounds† (Psalms 147:3). The person needs to surround themselves with positive people who will uplift and encourage them. The different Temporal Systems can either affect one negatively or positively and some of that responsibility is on the person. Hart (2001) discusses some practical things that can be done to gain physical and spiritual wholeness. These things included, but were not limited to, sleep, healthy eating, exercise, and sometimes medication. Sleep and rest are one of the easiest and cheapest of the methods and also the one that is always put aside as unimportant. There are some cultures that set aside specific times in the day to rest, for different reasons. Christians need to learn from these cultures and also take heed to God when he said in Exodus 23:12, â€Å"Six days do your work, but on the seventh day do not work.† This scripture is not meant to be taken to the extreme, but to be understood that â€Å"The Sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath† (Mark 2:27). God wants us to understand the importance and power of rest in relationship to wellbeing. Psychological and Spiritual Illness There are times in life when one will experience spiritual brokenness and need to seek God and counsel for wholeness. The stories in the bible are not just for historical reasons, but to give us examples on how to live our lives. David was a man who endured many hardships and attacks, but he relied on God to be his protector and restorer. David at one point in his life went away to the Cave of Adullam, which means refuge. Sometimes the counseling setting is the place of refuge for the client and the counselor needs to allow God to guide and direct them in the healing process. David said a prayer to God, while in the cave, which began with vocalizing his anguish, but ends with: I cry to you, Lord; I say, â€Å"You are my refuge, my portion in the land of the living.† Listen to my cry, for I am in desperate need; rescue me from those who pursue me, for they are too strong for me. Set me free from my prison, that I may praise your name. Then the righteous will gather about me because of your goodness to me (Psalms 142:5-7). Counselors need to guide the counselee to a place of desperation and realization that there is freedom in Christ. There are many reasons for a client to be psychologically unhealthy and a counselor needs to do a thorough evaluation to measure the severity of it. This will benefit not only the client, but the counselor when deciding a treatment plan. There are some psychological and mental illnesses that a counselor is not equipped to handle and a referral to a psychiatrist might be needed. Anderson feels that most mental disorders are from the enemy and not due to chemical changes or neurological disorders. This way of thinking can be very dangerous for the client and the counselor. It does not matter where the psychological anguish comes from, but how to treat it. A counselor always wants to be competent in the treatment of psychological and spiritual illnesses or refer there client to another. Hart believes that anxiety is one of the leading psychological illnesses facing Americans today and counselors need to learn the different methods for treating it. He presents many different methods that could work for not only Christians, but for anyone struggling with anxiety. His advice, for how  to maintain a healthier body and soul, is practical and very relevant. The counselor needs to take the time to understand what each client is dealing with spiritually and psychologically. They need to have knowledge of many different theories and treatment methods for both and how to implement them. The client needs to determine if they want to incorporate God in their healing process. Once this is established the counselor can then work with the client on a treatment plan for healing. Role of Integration and Multitasking As a Christian counselor one needs to learn the skill of integrating psychological, theological and spiritual counseling methods into the counseling process. Crabb presents four ways Christian counselors integrate psychology, theology, and the bible into the counseling process. Separate but Equal (keeping them completely separate), Tossed Salad (blending of them all with no sifting of Psychology and theology), and Nothing Buttery (disregarding Psychology altogether), and a Spoiling the Egyptians approach (integrating them all into one’s counseling) are the four methods he presents. A Christian counselor is accountable to God and needs to rely on Him to show them how to integrate different methods of psychology and theology to the counseling process. The scriptures say it best in Titus 2:7-8, â€Å"In everything set them an example by doing what is good. In your teaching show integrity, seriousness and soundness of speech that cannot be condemned, so that those who oppose you may be ashamed because they have nothing bad to say about us.† Multitasking is the main component in discerning and recognizing the real needs of the client and is to be taken seriously. How to Source Problems and Structure Effective Intervention Key Elements of my Comprehensive Theory As a Christian counselor it is my job to educate myself on the numerous theories being used today and what I want to use in my own counseling practice. I do not agree with any one theory presented by the numerous authors, but gleaned from each one. I believe, like Crabb and Hawkins, that the problem at the surface is not necessarily the main issue that needs dealing with. I want to get to the root of issues and lead the client to complete wholeness and freedom. Galatians 5:1 says, â€Å"It is for freedom that  Christ has set us free. Stand firm, then, and do not let yourselves be burdened again by a yoke of slavery.† Anderson talks about how one allows the enemy power in their lives and does not realize what little power he has. I recognize that educating Christians on the power of Christ and the authority they have over the enemy will empower them in the healing process. Adams methods are based on 2 Timothy 3:16-17 which says, â€Å"all scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness, so that the man of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work.† I agree with him and this scripture verse, but I do not shut out psychology altogether like he does. Scriptures, like Isaiah 58: 6-11, have been an inspiration in my own personal healing. Isaiah 58:11 says, â€Å"The Lord will guide you always; he will satisfy your needs in a sun-scorched land and will strengthen your frame. You will be like a well-watered garden, like a spring whose waters never fail.† I know the power of knowing the scripture and implementing it in my life. This is why as a Christian counselor the use of scripture would be necessary in any healing process I choose for the client. I as a counselor want to be guided by the Lord and use whatever method he reveals to me to bring others healing in their lives. It is important to me, as a Christian counselor, to find a balance in the use of scripture, numerous theories, and psychology. Process and Techniques The counseling process is guided by many codes of ethics mainly set up by the American Counseling Association (ACA, 2012) and American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC, 2012). I personally am guided by the scripture, â€Å"brothers and sisters, whatever is true, whatever is noble, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is admirable—if anything is excellent or praiseworthy—think about such things† (Philippians 4:8). The way one counsels will not be effective if the counselor is not acting in a moral and ethical way. Cloud and Townsend talk about the use of boundaries in all aspect of life. This is not just for the client to learn, but the counselor in relation to the counseling process. As a Christian counselor I do not want to turn anyone away and therefore need to know how to integrate many different techniques. Scripture is not just for the believer, but has many moral principles that can be used for anyone seeking  help. Jesus taught in parables, so that anyone could understand Him. I want implement techniques specific to each client in a way they will understand. Demonstration of Effectiveness I am a firm believer that to be an effective counselor I need to have allowed God to work in my life first. Mathew 7:3 says, Why do you look at the speck of sawdust in your brothers eye and pay no attention to the plank in your own eye?† This scripture is talking about not judging others, but the principle can be used for the counselor as well. How can one counsel on healing and freedom, when they themselves are not free? The counselor also needs to educate him or herself on various methods of treatment to be able to create specific and effective treatment plans for the client. It is important to be flexible in the process and allow room for the Holy Spirit to guide the sessions. Every client is unique and not one method will work for each situation. Hawkins’s concentric circles theory allows the counselor to listen to the client and learn from them. Counselor takes more time to listen to the client and find out what affects the person in each circle and what is important. This method of counseling allows for the counselor to be educated and for a more specific treatment plan to be developed. How my Worldview influences my Theory View of Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality I personally feel that psychology, theology, and spirituality all have a place in the counseling process. God is my guide and the one whom I filter everything through. I will not practice those theories that discredit the bible or go against biblical principles. Christian counselors need to study the scriptures and have a solid foundation to filter different theories through. Mathew 6:33 says, â€Å"Seek first His kingdom and His righteousness, and all these things will be given to you as well.† When I seek God He will in turn give me wisdom as I learn about different methods and theories. Approach to Integration The mind obtains knowledge, but the heart and soul produce wisdom. An  effective counselor does not just seek knowledge, but wisdom. Counseling is a calling that in turn requires great responsibility, â€Å"We have wronged no one, we have corrupted no one, we have exploited no one† (2 Corinthians 7:2). I have an ethical and moral responsibility to my clients and can only maintain this with the help of Christ. Conclusion Through the different readings in this course and the knowledge obtained thus far, I was able to develop a foundation for my theories about the counseling process. I recognize the importance of knowing the bible and seeking God for wisdom on filtering different theories that are presented to me. There are many types of sicknesses spiritual, physical, and psychological and I now have more effective ways to handle each one. I will continue to develop this theory as I gain more knowledge and wisdom in this counseling program at Liberty University and during my many years of as counselor.

Is Volunteer Tourism Defeating The Point Tourism Essay

Is Volunteer Tourism Defeating The Point Tourism Essay Volunteer tourism is described as the modern phenomenon of travelling overseas as a volunteer (Guttentag 2009: 538), which is exactly what I did in March of 2010. Eleven senior students from my secondary school were chosen to partake in a humanitarian mission trip to the Dominican Republic. We, along with our school chaplain and two teachers, worked with a local organization called Asociacià ³n para el Desarrollo de San Josà © de Ocoa, Inc. (ADESJO), and they sent us on a two hour trip up a bumpy and steep mountain to the village of El Cercado. For two weeks we worked on building ten latrines in the village while getting to know the villagers and making friendships and memories that we would carry with us for the rest of our lives. There is no doubt that as a volunteer tourist I took away a great deal from this trip, but I have begun to wonder what impact volunteer tourism has on host communities and the world at large. After researching the topic of volunteer tourism I have come t o discover that most of the benefits of volunteer tourism are felt by the volunteers themselves and not the host communities and their members. In the area of Global Development Studies this reflects the influence that the Global North has upon the Global South. Even though volunteer tourism is veiled by altruistic intentions, any positive effects could potentially lead to extremely negative effects in the global spectrum. Unsatisfactory work is being done by unskilled volunteers, cross-cultural misunderstanding and cultural stereotypes are being increased and reinforced, and neo-colonialism and capitalism are being supported. This paper will argue that volunteer tourism is more beneficial for the volunteers themselves, while in reality it has negative effects on the locals in host communities. While there are potentially macro scaled negative effects of volunteer tourism, it is important to analyse the initial micro negative effects that lead to these larger negative effects. The first and most important of these micro effects is that unsatisfactory work is being done by unskilled volunteers, while the needs of locals are put aside to focus on the experiences of the volunteers. In recent years volunteer tourism has become very popular, especially among post-secondary students (Bailey and Russel 2010 :353), automatically one is left to question the level of experience these students have in the areas such as infrastructure, education, or environmental conservation. Daniel A. Guttentag (2009) points out that there is a hindrance in work progress and the completion of unsatisfactory work, caused by volunteers lack of skills; (537) and there is even a decrease in employment opportunities (ibid.). It is evident that a great number of volunteer tourists lack certain skills which is undoubtedly due to the fact that they ..do not have enough knowledge, reflection capacity, appropriate skills or qualifications, volunteering and international experience, time to get involved with the locals or altruistic intentions (Palacios 2010: 2). Despite these facts the volunteers experiences are still focused upon. Organizations that plan volunteer tourist trips focus on making the experience of the volunteer tourists trip as enjoyable and safe as possible and work around the needs and desires of the volunteers (Guttentag 2009: 539). Even though some would argue that organization choose volunteers carefully and train them beforehand (Tomazos and Butler 2009:13), this cannot be generalized to all organizations. When the needs and desires of the locals are being ignored in order to service volunteers this negatively affects the lives of the locals in the host communities for they are the people that must endure the potentially poor work done by the volunteers. Volunteer tourists are described as experiential or experimental' (Bailey and Russell 2010: 3), and those two words automatically imply the word different. Volunteer tourists want to experience a different culture in order to grow and re-evaluate who they themselves are as a person (ibid.). Once again the volunteer is experiencing a benefit , but one is left to question what preconceived notion the volunteer has of the culture he or she is entering in to. Another issue that arises with volunteer tourism is that volunteer tourists that arrive in host communities in the Global South with stereotypical ideas increase and reinforce cultural stereotypes and cross-cultural misunderstanding (Raymond and Hall 2008:1). The preconceived notions of the volunteer tourists risk being stereotypical ideas of an impoverished and hungry family living in a shack, which creates a separation between themselves and the locals they come in contact with. If that separation is never bridged, or if the volunteer never gains a true knowledge of the culture because they are too focused on helping the stereotypical other, it creates and enforces cultural stereotype, especially because volunteer tourists may assume that host communities accept their poverty (Raymond and Hall 2008: 2). If there is a lack of communication between the volunteers and the members of the host community then the volunteer gains little to no true experience with the culture they are expe riencing, which can actually negatively impact the host culture (Guttentag 2009: 547). This problem is partly due to how the cultures are being portrayed by organizations. Reflecting true Eurocentric ideals (the notion that the correct way of living is the Western way and all other ways are exotic and irregular), organizations tend to portray volunteer tourist destinations in a way that will attract the volunteer tourists to participate in these excursions. A gap year is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as a period of time (usually an academic year) taken by a student as a break from formal education, typically between leaving school and starting a university or college course, and often spent travelling or working (2010). There are organizations that specifically service these gap year students, but they are criticized for: [imposing] a simplistic view of the other so that difference can be sold and consumed. This occurs through the use of sweeping generalisations of destination communities in promotional materials and continues throughout the VTP [Volunteer Tourist Programs] due to lack of critical engagement with the experience. (Raymond and Hall 2008: 3) This simplistic view is meant to enhance the difference between the volunteer tourists and the locals of the host community in order to enhance the volunteers experience, but this is detrimental because it only reinforces Third World stereotypes and has the potential for romanticisation of the other stereotype (Matthews qtd. In Ooi and Lang 2010:3). Once again, the volunteers are benefiting from their experience as volunteer tourists, but it comes at the cost of the people of the Global South who must endure further victimization and stereotypes that create the idea that they must be saved by the Global North because the inequalities between the developed and developing worlds [are highlighted] (Simpson qtd. In Ooi and Land 2010:3). These inequalities reflect global capitalism and neo-colonialism. Poor work quality and issues of cross-cultural misunderstanding and the reinforcement of stereotypes all in the name of the volunteer tourist experience leads to macro-scaled problems of neo-colonialism and the support of capitalism. The Oxford English Dictionary defines neo-colonialism as the use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence another country; especially the retention of such influence over a developing country by a former colonial power (2010), and, broadly defined, capitalism is a system having accumulation at its core (Lippit 2007:179). Volunteer tourism is a new way of exploiting the Global South for the gain of the Global North because, as previously mentioned, the needs of the volunteers are focused on despite the fact that poor quality work is being done and it reinforces the notion of the other in order for the volunteer tourists to gain personal experience. Volunteer tourist trips support the notion of the other and reinforce po wer inequalities and thus represent a form of neo-colonialism or imperialism with respect to developing nations (Raymond and Hall qtd. In Ooi and Laing 2010:3). These power inequalities reflect capitalism because it puts the Global South at the bottom of global hierarchy, where they are used in order for those in higher positions the Global North to accumulate money and in this case, to accumulate global experience. This global experience is being gained at the cost of creating a gap between the North and the South in terms of advancement in technology and power, further supporting capitalism. This is reflected in what Guttentag (2009) has termed as the demonstration effect, a term that signifies how a host culture is impacted when tourists draw attention to their lifestyles and items of wealth (11) which leads to the possibility of locals trying to imitate the tourists consumption patterns, and discontent can emerge when these items of wealth are beyond the reach of a host community (ibid.). When attention is drawn to what the volunteer tourists from the Global North have and what the locals of the Global South do not have, it also draws attention the amount of power and wealth that their home countries possess on a global scale. Even now, organizations are aiming to attract the privileged volunteer tourists (Lyons and Wearing 2008: 187), which only increases the gap between the developed and t he underdeveloped, the rich and the poor, capitalism and equality. This inequality between these two worlds has a long history of colonialism, and although that ended after centuries of suffering and exploitation volunteer tourism is arguably a new form of colonialism. Volunteer tourism could possibly degenerate into a voyeuristic exploitation of the cultural other that masquerades as academic sanctioned servant leadership' (Butin qtd. In Sin 2009: 484). The Global North displays altruistic intentions of helping the people of the Global South, while in reality they are exploiting them for their own personal gain which is to train youth to become more socially aware and active, but this only leads to further dependence of the South on the North to repair their problems and ease their hardships. The North remains at the top of the global hierarchy: The basis conclusions of many authors that have contributed to this critical theory of development is that the Western intention of helping underlying the development aid goal as humanitarian as much a colonialist. However , it tends to reproduce the same global patterns of inequality and poverty. Leaving intact if not reinforcing the dominant position of the North. (Escobar et al. qtd. In Palacios 2010: 4) Neo-colonialism, the new form of colonialism, defeats the purposes of all of the fighting that occurred in to end colonialism, while once again the Global South faces the negative consequences of being exploited by the Global North through volunteer tourism. Despite the macro- scaled negative effects that volunteer tourism has the potential of causing, many defend its benefits. Volunteer tourism can enhance civic-related knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviours, improve interpersonal skills and emotional regulation, and contribute to better academic performance and meaning in life (Billig et al. qtd. In Bailey and Russell 2010: 3). Also argued is that: the volunteer tourism experience is a direct interactive experience that causes value change and changed consciousness in the individual which will subsequently influence their lifestyle, while providing forms of community development that are required by local communities. (Wearing 2001: 2) Unfortunately, it is evident here that the focus is primarily upon what the volunteer tourists gain from the experience, not the locals of the host communities. These benefits are indeed positive, but mostly for the volunteers and the country that they come from. It is arguable that when the volunteer tourists gain more awareness about these social issues and gain more of a feeling or a desire to make a difference then this will lead to them making a difference in the Global South. However, this is not completely positive because it aids in making the Global South dependent on the Global North. This also reinforces the stereotype of an impoverished and disease-stricken Global South that is doomed unless they are saved by the hero that the Global North has been portrayed as. There is still the argument that volunteer tourism appears able to offer [an] alternative direction where profit objects are secondary to more altruistic desire to travel in order to assist communities (Wearing 20 01: 12) , but this can be an example of the desire for profit being hidden under a veil of altruism there truly is no way knowing whether or not the intentions of volunteer tourists are purely altruistic or driven by egoistic ambitions. Despite the many negative issues that volunteer tourism brings into light, there are attempts to minimise them. Firstly, problems concerning poor work quality done by inexperienced volunteers are being addressed by organizations that offer training to their volunteers that must go through a difficult selection program to begin with (Tomazos and Butler 2009:13). Organizations are also attempting to involve locals in the host communities as much as possible in the work that volunteer tourists are doing, which creates more employment and helps the locals continue with the projects after the volunteers leave (ibid.). Secondly, in an attempt to reduce cross-cultural misunderstanding and the reinforcement of stereotypes, more and more organizations encourage their volunteers to be culturally sensitive and learn from their experience creating understanding and tolerance for other people and cultures (ibid.). Finally, there is a strong desire and attempts to make volunteer tourism beneficial in a way that it teaches others to travel responsibly, especially in regards to the environment, through what has been termed as justice tourism and solidarity tours (Lyons and Wearing 2008: 187) . These forms of tourism aim to move tourists to engage with the lived reality of the locals and to establish interactions based on equity and respect (ibid.). Evidently, there is an attempt to foster more positive effects of volunteer tourism in order to better serve both the volunteers and the locals. To conclude, volunteer tourism is portrayed as being driven by altruistic intentions, however it is evident that the volunteer tourists themselves experience more benefits than do the locals of the host communities. This issue must be addressed because it emphasizes the long standing notion that the North is the only hope of the South in order to be saved from poverty, disease, environmental crises, and even debt, which is actually the exact opposite of what so many theories in this course have implied. The negative consequences of volunteer tourism questions the intentions of volunteers and the organizations that send them, and also questions the intentions of transnational corporations and governments that have come to form global capitalism. Is the intention specifically to always keep the Global South at the bottom of the global hierarchy in order to reap the benefits of the cheap resources that continue to flow from those areas in order to service the lives of the wealthy North? This question can be argued to no end, but there is no answer as straight forward as the fact that even in volunteer tourism the needs of the Global North are put ahead of those in the Global South, while the Global South continues to suffer on too many levels.